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Second Round Results of the Finnish Population-Based Prostate Cancer Screening Trial

¹ Department of Surgery, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki; ² Department of Urology, Tampere University Hospital and Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere; Departments of ³ Clinical Chemistry and ⁴ Urology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki; ⁵ Finnish Cancer Registry, Helsinki; ⁶ Department of Surgery, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Espoo; ⁷ Department of Pathology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere; and ⁸ Tampere School of Public Health, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Large randomized trials provide the only valid means of quantifying the benefits and drawbacks of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening, but the follow-up of ongoing studies is still too short to allow evaluation of mortality. We report here the intermediate indicators of screening efficacy from the second round of the Finnish trial.

Experimental Design: The Finnish trial, with 80,000 men in the target population, is the largest component in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer. The first round was completed in 1996–1999. Each year 8,000 men 55–67 years of age were randomly assigned to the screening arm, and the rest formed the control arm. Men randomized to the screening arm in 1996 were reinvited 4 years later, in 2000, and PSA was determined.

Results: Of the eligible 6415 men, 4407 (69%) eventually participated in the second round of screening. Of the first-round participants, up to 84% (3833 of 4556) attended rescreening. A total of 461 screenees (10.5%) had PSA levels of 4 µg/liter. Altogether, 97 cancers were found, yielding an overall detection rate of 2.2% (97 of 4407). Seventy-nine cases were found among the 3833 second-time screenees (detection rate 2.1%) and 18 in those 574 men (3.1%) who had not participated previously. A PSA of 4 µg/liter, but negative biopsy in the first screening round was associated with an up to 9-fold risk of cancer in rescreening relative to those with lower PSA levels at baseline. Ninety-one (94%) of all of the detected cancers were clinically localized.

Conclusions: As surrogate measures of an effective screening program, both compliance as well as the overall and advanced prostate cancer detection rates remained acceptable. Men defined as screen-positive but with a negative confirmation of cancer at prevalence screen formed a high-risk group at rescreening.

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