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Proteins and Protein Pattern Differences between Glioma Cell Lines and Glioblastoma Multiforme

Authors' Affiliations: ¹ Surgical Neurology Branch, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland; ² Department of Neurosurgery, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan; ³ Department of Pathology, Catholic University, Seoul, Korea; ⁴ Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Medical College of Sun-Yat Sen University, Guangzhou, China; and ⁵ Brain Tumor Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio

Requests for reprints: Robert J. Weil, Brain Tumor Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195. Phone: 216-444-2007; Fax: 301-496-2921; E-mail: weilr{at}ccf.org.

Introduction: Research into the pathogenesis, molecular signaling, and treatment of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has traditionally been conducted using cell lines derived from malignant gliomas. We compared protein expression patterns between solid primary GBMs and GBM cell lines to identify proteins whose expression may be altered in cell culture.

Methods: We cultured cell lines U87, U118, U251, and A172 and used tissue-selective microdissection of eight primary GBMs to obtain pure populations of tumor cells, which we studied using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE) and examined using differential expression software. Select protein targets expressed differentially between GBM tumors and GBM cell lines were sequenced using tandem mass spectrometry.

Results: Analysis of the primary GBM tumor samples (n = 8) and the GBM cell lines revealed reproducibly similar proteomic patterns for each group, which distinguished tumors from the cell lines. Gels contained up to 500 proteins that were consistently identified in the pH 4 to 7 range. Comparison of proteins identified in the GBM tumors and in the cell lines showed 160 proteins that were gained and 60 proteins that were lost on culture. Using normalized intensity patterns from the 2DGE images, ANOVA tests were done and statistically significant spots were identified. Seven proteins found in the cell lines were significantly increased when compared with the GBM tumors (P < 0.05), whereas 10 proteins were significantly decreased from cell lines compared with the GBM tumors. Proteins identified included transcription factors, tumor suppressor genes, cytoskeletal proteins, and cellular metabolic proteins.

Conclusion: Global protein and proteomic differences were identified between primary GBM tumor samples and GBM cell lines. The proteins identified by 2DGE analysis elucidate some of the selection pressures of in vitro culture, help accentuate the advantages and limitations of cell culture, and may aid comprehension of gliomagenesis and enhance development of new therapeutics.

Key Words: Brain tumors • Protein sequencing • Mass spectrometry • Tissue microdissection