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Detection of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) 16-Specific CD4+ T-cell Immunity in Patients with Persistent HPV16-Induced Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia in Relation to Clinical Impact of Imiquimod Treatment

Authors' Affiliations: Departments of ¹ Gynecology and ² Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Departments of ³ Gynecology and ⁴ Anesthesiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; ⁵ Department of Gynecology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute and ⁶ Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Requests for reprints: Sjoerd H. van der Burg, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Building 1, E3-Q, Leiden University Medical Center, PO box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-71-5266849; Fax: 31-71-5216751; E-mail: shvdburg{at}lumc.nl.

Purpose: Topical application of the immune response modifier imiquimod is an alternative approach for the treatment of human papillomavirus (HPV)–positive vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) and aims at the immunologic eradication of HPV-infected cells. We have charted HPV16-specific immunity in 29 patients with high-grade VIN and examined its role in the clinical effect of imiquimod treatment.

Experimental Design: The magnitude and cytokine polarization of the HPV16 E2-, E6-, and E7-specific CD4⁺ T-cell response was charted in 20 of 29 patients by proliferation and cytokine bead array. The relation between HPV16-specific type 1 T-cell immunity and imiquimod treatment was examined in a group of 17 of 29 patients.

Results: HPV16-specific proliferative responses were found in 11 of the 20 patients. In eight of these patients, T-cell reactivity was associated with IFN production. Fifteen of the women treated with imiquimod were HPV16⁺, of whom eight displayed HPV16 E2- and E6-specific T-cell immunity before treatment. Imiquimod neither enhanced nor induced such immunity in any of the subjects. Objective clinical responses (complete remission or >75% regression) were observed in 11 of the 15 patients. Of these 11 responders, eight patients displayed HPV16-specific type 1 CD4⁺ T-cell immunity, whereas three lacked reactivity. Notably, the four patients without an objective clinical response also lacked HPV16-specific type 1 T-cell immunity.

Conclusions: HPV16-specific IFN-associated CD4⁺ T-cell immunity, although not essential for imiquimod-induced regression of VIN lesions, may increase the likelihood of a strong clinical response (P = 0.03).

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