This Article Full Text Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Martignoni, M. E. Articles by Friess, H. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Martignoni, M. E. Articles by Friess, H.

Role of Mononuclear Cells and Inflammatory Cytokines in Pancreatic Cancer-Related Cachexia

Authors' Affiliations: Departments of ¹ General Surgery and ² Immunology, University of Heidelberg; ³ Department of Immunochemistry, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and ⁴ Roche Genomic and Information Sciences, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey

Requests for reprints: Helmut Friess, Department of General Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 110, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Phone: 49-6221-56-4860; Fax: 49-6221-56-6903; E-mail: helmut_friess{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de.

Background and Purpose: The mechanism behind aggressive development of cachexia in patients suffering from pancreatic cancer is not well understood. In this study, we investigated which factors are associated with the cachectic status of the patients and evaluated cachexia-promoting capacity of cancer and inflammatory cells.

Experimental Design: DNA microarray analysis and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR were used to screen for cachexia-associated factors in pancreatic specimens obtained from noncachectic and cachetic patients diagnosed with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The expression pattern of the most prominently altered cachexia-associated factor, interleukin-6 (IL-6), was further analyzed in patients sera by ELISA, in pancreatic specimens by immunohistochemistry, and in a coculture system by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR using pancreatic cancer cell lines T3M4 (IL-6 positive) and Panc-1 (IL-6 negative) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from donors and noncachectic and cachectic patients.

Results: Among numerous analyzed factors, IL-6 was significantly overexpressed in pancreatic specimens and elevated in serum of cachectic patients. The coculture system revealed that pancreatic cancer T3M4 cells but not Panc-1 cells were able to stimulate IL-6 exclusively in cachectic PBMC (by 14-fold) and this triggering was reduced by half in the presence of IL-6-neutralizing antibodies.

Conclusion: IL-6 represents a prominent cachexia-associated factor in pancreatic cancer. IL-6 overexpression in cachectic patients is related to the ability of certain tumors to sensitize PBMC and induce cytokine expression in cachectic PBMC.

This article has been cited by other articles:

				D. C. Deans, B. H. Tan, J. A Ross, M. Rose-Zerilli, S. J Wigmore, W M. Howell, R. F Grimble, and K. C. Fearon Cancer cachexia is associated with the IL10 -1082 gene promoter polymorphism in patients with gastroesophageal malignancy Am. J. Clinical Nutrition, April 1, 2009; 89(4): 1164 - 1172. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. Zhang, Y. Zhou, L. Wu, S. Wang, H. Zheng, B. Yu, and J. Li Association of IL-6 Gene Polymorphisms with Cachexia Susceptibility and Survival Time of Patients with Pancreatic Cancer Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci., January 1, 2008; 38(2): 113 - 119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. W. Michalski, F. Selvaggi, M. Bartel, T. Mitkus, A. Gorbachevski, T. Giese, P. D. Sebastiano, N. A. Giese, and H. Friess Altered anti-inflammatory response of mononuclear cells to neuropeptide PACAP is associated with deregulation of NF-{kappa}B in chronic pancreatitis Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol, January 1, 2008; 294(1): G50 - G57. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				L. M. Richey, J. R. George, M. E. Couch, B. K. Kanapkey, X. Yin, T. Cannon, P. W. Stewart, M. C. Weissler, and C. G. Shores Defining Cancer Cachexia in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Clin. Cancer Res., November 15, 2007; 13(22): 6561 - 6567. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Abdollahi, C. Schwager, J. Kleeff, I. Esposito, S. Domhan, P. Peschke, K. Hauser, P. Hahnfeldt, L. Hlatky, J. Debus, et al. Transcriptional network governing the angiogenic switch in human pancreatic cancer PNAS, July 31, 2007; 104(31): 12890 - 12895. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				U. Bharadwaj, M. Li, R. Zhang, C. Chen, and Q. Yao Elevated Interleukin-6 and G-CSF in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Conditioned Medium Suppress Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Activation Cancer Res., June 1, 2007; 67(11): 5479 - 5488. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Nakachi, J. Furuse, H. Ishii, E.-i. Suzuki, and M. Yoshino Prognostic Factors in Patients with Gemcitabine-Refractory Pancreatic Cancer Jpn. J. Clin. Oncol., February 1, 2007; 37(2): 114 - 120. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				Y.-J. Nai, Z.-W. Jiang, Z.-M. Wang, N. Li, and J.-S. Li Prevention of Cancer Cachexia by Pyrrolidine Dithiocarbamate (PDTC) in Colon 26 Tumor-Bearing Mice JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr, January 1, 2007; 31(1): 18 - 25. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]