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Imaging, Diagnosis, Prognosis |
Authors' Affiliations: 1 Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute and 2 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico; 3 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California; and 4 M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
Requests for reprints: Steven A. Belinsky, Lung Cancer Program, Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute, 2425 Ridgecrest Drive Southeast, Albuquerque, NM 87108. Phone: 505-348-9465; Fax: 1-505-348-4990; E-mail: sbelinsk{at}LRRI.org.
Purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, due in part to the lack of a validated and effective screening approach for early detection. The prevalence for methylation of seven and three genes was examined in DNA from sputum and plasma, respectively, from women at different risk for lung cancer.
Experimental Design: Lung cancer survivors (n = 56), clinically cancer-free smokers (n = 121), and never smokers (n = 74) comprised the study population. Plasma was collected from all three groups, whereas sputum was collected from lung cancer survivors and smokers.
Results: Methylation was detected in plasma DNA from 10 of 74 women who never smoked. Prevalence for methylation of the p16 gene in plasma was highest in lung cancer survivors. Lung cancer survivors showed a significant increase in the odds of having at least one or more genes methylated in plasma (odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-9.1) than never smokers. The prevalence for methylation of the O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase, ras effector homologue 1, death associated protein kinase, and PAX5
genes in sputum was significantly higher in lung cancer survivors compared with smokers. Lung cancer survivors had 6.2-fold greater odds (95% confidence interval, 2.1-18.5) for methylation of three or more genes in sputum compared with smokers. Methylation was more commonly detected in sputum than plasma for O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase and ras effector homologue 1, but not p16, in lung cancer survivors.
Conclusion: Concomitant methylation of multiple gene promoters in sputum is strongly associated with lung cancer risk.
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