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Noninvasive Monitoring of Murine Tumor Blood Flow During and After Photodynamic Therapy Provides Early Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy

Authors' Affiliations: ¹ Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, Departments of ² Radiation Oncology, ³ Biostatistics and Epidemiology and ⁴ Section of Radiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, and ⁵ Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Requests for reprints: GuoqiangYu, David Rittenhouse Laboratory, Department of Physics and Astronomy, 209 South 33rd Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104. Phone: 215-573-3463; Fax: 215-573-6391; E-mail: guoqiang{at}physics.upenn.edu.

Purpose: To monitor tumor blood flow noninvasively during photodynamic therapy (PDT) and to correlate flow responses with therapeutic efficacy.

Experimental Design: Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) was used to measure blood flow continuously in radiation-induced fibrosarcoma murine tumors during Photofrin (5 mg/kg)/PDT (75 mW/cm², 135 J/cm²). Relative blood flow (rBF; i.e., normalized to preillumination values) was compared with tumor perfusion as determined by power Doppler ultrasound and was correlated with treatment durability, defined as the time of tumor growth to a volume of 400 mm³. Broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy concurrently quantified tumor hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO₂).

Results: DCS and power Doppler ultrasound measured similar flow decreases in animals treated with identical protocols. DCS measurement of rBF during PDT revealed a series of PDT-induced peaks and declines dominated by an initial steep increase (average ± SE: 168.1 ± 39.5%) and subsequent decrease (59.2 ± 29.1%). The duration (interval time; range, 2.2-15.6 minutes) and slope (flow reduction rate; range, 4.4 -45.8% minute^–1) of the decrease correlated significantly (P = 0.0001 and 0.0002, r² = 0.79 and 0.67, respectively) with treatment durability. A positive, significant (P = 0.016, r² = 0.50) association between interval time and time-to-400 mm³ was also detected in animals with depressed pre-PDT blood flow due to hydralazine administration. At 3 hours after PDT, rBF and SO₂ were predictive (P 0.015) of treatment durability.

Conclusion: These data suggest a role for DCS in real-time monitoring of PDT vascular response as an indicator of treatment efficacy.

Key Words: photodynamic therapy • blood flow • tissue hemoglobin oxygen saturation • diffuse correlation spectroscopy • broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy