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The Combination of Ionizing Radiation and Peripheral Vaccination Produces Long-term Survival of Mice Bearing Established Invasive GL261 Gliomas

Authors' Affiliations: Departments of ¹ Pathology, ² Environmental Medicine, and ³ Radiation Oncology, ⁴ Division of Neuropathology and Neurosurgery, ⁵ New York University Cancer Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York; and ⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, Experimental Division, University of California at Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California

Requests for reprints: Elizabeth W. Newcomb, Department of Pathology, MSB-531, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016. Phone: 212-263-8758; Fax: 212-263-8211; E-mail: newcoe01{at}med.nyu.edu.

Purpose: High-grade glioma treatment includes ionizing radiation therapy. The high invasiveness of glioma cells precludes their eradication and is responsible for the dismal prognosis. Recently, we reported the down-regulation of MHC class I (MHC-I) products in invading tumor cells in human and mouse GL261 gliomas. Here, we tested the hypothesis that whole-brain radiotherapy (WBRT) up-regulates MHC-I expression on GL261 tumors and enhances the effectiveness of immunotherapy.

Experimental Design: MHC-I molecule expression on GL261 cells was analyzed in vitro and in vivo by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, respectively. To test the response of established GL261 gliomas to treatment, mice with measurable (at CT imaging) brain tumors were randomly assigned to four groups receiving (a) no treatment, (b) WBRT in two fractions of 4 Gy, (c) vaccination with irradiated GL261 cells secreting granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or (d) WBRT and vaccination. Endpoints were tumor response and survival.

Results: An ionizing radiation dose of 4 Gy maximally up-regulated MHC-I molecules on GL261 cells in vitro. In vivo, WBRT induced the expression of the ß2-microglobulin light chain subunit of the MHC class I complex on glioma cells invading normal brain and increased CD4+ and CD8+ T cell infiltration. However, the survival advantage obtained with WBRT or vaccination alone was minimal. In contrast, WBRT in combination with vaccination increased long-term survival to 40% to 80%, compared with 0% to 10% in the other groups (P < 0.002). Surviving animals showed antitumor immunity by rejecting challenge tumors.

Conclusion: Ionizing radiation can be successfully combined with peripheral vaccination for the treatment of established high-grade gliomas.