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Botulinum Toxin Potentiates Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy

Authors' Affiliations: Laboratories of ¹ Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, ² Medicinal Chemistry and Radiopharmacy, ³ Pharmacology and Therapeutics, and ⁴ Molecular Imaging and Experimental Radiotherapy; ⁵ Pharmacokinetic, Metabolism, Nutrition and Toxicology Unit, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium

Requests for reprints: Bernard Gallez, CMFA/REMA Units, Université Catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73.40, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium. Phone: 32-2-7642792; Fax: 32-2-7642790; E-mail: Gallez{at}cmfa.ucl.ac.be.

Purpose: Structural and functional abnormalities in the tumor vascular network are considered factors of resistance of solid tumors to cytotoxic treatments. To increase the efficacy of anticancer treatments, efforts must be made to find new strategies for transiently opening the tumor vascular bed to alleviate tumor hypoxia (source of resistance to radiotherapy) and improve the delivery of chemotherapeutic agents. We hypothesized that Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) could interfere with neurotransmitter release at the perivascular sympathetic varicosities, leading to inhibition of the neurogenic contractions of tumor vessels and therefore improving tumor perfusion and oxygenation.

Experimental Design: To test this hypothesis, BoNT-A was injected locally into mouse tumors (fibrosarcoma FSaII, hepatocarcinoma transplantable liver tumor), and electron paramagnetic resonance oximetry was used to monitor pO₂ in vivo repeatedly for 4 days. Additionally, contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure tumor perfusion in vivo. Finally, isolated arteries were mounted in wire myograph to monitor specifically the neurogenic tone developed by arterioles that were co-opted by the surrounding growing tumor cells.

Results: Using these tumor models, we showed that local administration of BoNT-A (two sites; dose, 29 units/kg) substantially increases tumor oxygenation and perfusion, leading to a substantial improvement in the tumor response to radiotherapy (20 Gy of 250-kV radiation) and chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, 50 mg/kg). This observed therapeutic gain results from an opening of the tumor vascular bed by BoNT-A because we showed that BoNT-A could inhibit neurogenic tone in the tumor vasculature.

Conclusions: The opening of the vascular bed induced by BoNT-A offers a way to significantly increase the response of tumors to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

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