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Epithelial and Stromal Cathepsin K and CXCL14 Expression in Breast Tumor Progression

Authors' Affiliations: ¹ Departments of Pathology and Surgery, University of Michigan Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan; Departments of ² Medical Oncology and ³ Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; ⁴ Harvard Medical School; ⁵ Harvard School of Public Health; ⁶ Department of Pathology, Beth-Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; ⁷ Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and ⁸ Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.

Requests for reprints: Kornelia Polyak, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street D740C, Boston, MA 02115. Phone: 617-632-2106; Fax: 617-582-8490; E-mail: Kornelia_Polyak{at}dfci.harvard.edu.

Purpose: To evaluate the expression of cathepsin K (CTSK) and CXCL14 in stromal and epithelial cells in human breast tumor progression.

Experimental Design: We did immunohistochemical analyses of CTSK and CXCL14 expression in normal breast tissue, biopsy sites, benign lesions, ductal carcinoma in situ, and invasive breast tumors of different stages. Expression patterns were related to histopathologic characteristics of the tumors and clinical outcome. The effect of CTSK+ breast stromal fibroblasts on CTSK- breast cancer cells was assessed in coculture.

Results: Epithelial expression of CTSK was rarely detected in any of the tissue samples analyzed, whereas CXCL14-positive epithelial cells were found in all tissue types. The expression of CXCL14 was not associated with any tumor or patient characteristics analyzed. Stromal CTSK expression was significantly higher in invasive compared with in situ carcinomas, and in one of the two data sets analyzed, it correlated with higher tumor stage. Among all samples examined, the highest stromal CTSK levels were detected in biopsy sites. Neither epithelial nor stromal expression of CTSK was significantly associated with recurrence-free or overall survival. Coculture of CTSK+ fibroblasts enhanced the invasion of CTSK- breast tumor epithelial cells and this was blocked by CTSK inhibitors.

Conclusions: CTSK may function as a paracrine factor in breast tumorigenesis. CTSK+ fibroblasts may play a role in tumor progression by promoting the invasiveness of tumor epithelial cells. The possibility that CTSK inhibitors may have a clinical role in decreasing the risk of tumor progression merits further investigation.