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Development of a Multiplex RNA Urine Test for the Detection and Stratification of Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder

Authors' Affiliations: ¹ Pacific Edge Biotechnology Ltd., Centre for Innovation; ² Cancer Genetics Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and ³ Department of Urology, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Requests for reprints: Parry Guilford, Pacific Edge Biotechnology Ltd., Centre for Innovation, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. Phone: 64-3-4795803; Fax: 64-3-4795801; E-mail: parry.guilford{at}peblnz.com.

Purpose: New markers that enable the percentage of transitional cell carcinomas (TCC) of the bladder that are diagnosed before invasion of the bladder muscle layers to be increased would reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease. The purpose of this study was to develop a simple, accurate urine test based on mRNA markers and simple gene signatures that (a) could detect TCC before muscle invasion while maintaining high specificity in patients with hematuria or urinary tract infections and (b) identify patients most likely to have grade 3 or stage T1 disease.

Experimental Design: RNA markers with high overexpression in stage Ta tumors and/or T1 to T4 tumors but low expression in blood or inflammatory cells were characterized by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR using 2 mL of voided urine from 75 TCC patients and 77 control patients with other urological diseases.

Results: A combination of the RNAs CDC2, MDK, IGFBP5, and HOXA13 detected 48%, 90%, and 100% of stage Ta, T1, and >T1 TCCs, respectively, at a specificity of 85%. Detection of Ta tumors increased to 60% for primary (non-recurrent) Ta tumors and 76% for Ta tumors 1 cm in diameter. Test specificity was 80% for the 20 control patients with urinary tract infections. The combination of CDC2 and HOXA13 distinguished between grade 1 to 2 TCCs and grade 3 or stage T1 TCCs with 80% specificity and sensitivity.

Conclusions: Simple gene expression signatures can be used as urine markers for the accurate detection and characterization of bladder cancer.