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Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute [R. B., L. B. M., R. J.], and Departments of Oncology [R. B., L. B. M., R. J.], Pathology [L. B. M., R. J.], and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [R. J.], University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612
The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)factors function as downstream effectors of cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling. Compared with normal cells and tissues, constitutively activated STATs have been detected in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and primary tumors. STATs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, which is normally a transient and tightly regulated process. In tumor cells, constitutive activation of STATs is linked to persistent activity of tyrosine kinases, including Src, epidermal growth factor receptor, Janus kinases, Bcr-Abl, and many others. Such oncogenic tyrosine kinases are often activated as a consequence of permanent ligand/receptor engagement in autocrine or paracrine cytokine and growth factor signaling or represent autonomous constitutively active enzymes as a result of genetic alterations found in tumor but not normal cells. Persistent signaling of specific STATs, in particular Stat3 and Stat5, has been demonstrated to directly contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis. STATs participate in oncogenesis through up-regulation of genes encoding apoptosis inhibitors and cell cycle regulators such as Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, cyclins D1/D2, and c-Myc. Inhibition of constitutively active STAT signaling pathways has been shown repeatedly to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo and provides a novel means for therapeutic intervention in human cancer. In this review, we will: (a) explain the mechanisms of STAT activation in normal and malignant signaling; (b) summarize recent evidence for the critical role of constitutively activated Stat3 and Stat5 in oncogenesis; (c) identify candidate STAT target genes implicated in tumor progression; and (d) discuss molecular and pharmacological strategies to interfere with STAT signaling for potential therapeutic intervention in human cancer.
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D. T. Merrick, J. Kittelson, R. Winterhalder, G. Kotantoulas, S. Ingeberg, R. L. Keith, T. C. Kennedy, Y. E. Miller, W. A. Franklin, and F. R. Hirsch Analysis of c-ErbB1/epidermal growth factor receptor and c-ErbB2/HER-2 expression in bronchial dysplasia: evaluation of potential targets for chemoprevention of lung cancer. Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2006; 12(7 Pt 1): 2281 - 2288. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Kotha, M. Sekharam, L. Cilenti, K. Siddiquee, A. Khaled, A. S. Zervos, B. Carter, J. Turkson, and R. Jove Resveratrol inhibits Src and Stat3 signaling and induces the apoptosis of malignant cells containing activated Stat3 protein. Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2006; 5(3): 621 - 629. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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W. Zhang, C. S. Zong, U. Hermanto, P. Lopez-Bergami, Z. Ronai, and L.-H. Wang RACK1 Recruits STAT3 Specifically to Insulin and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Receptors for Activation, Which Is Important for Regulating Anchorage-Independent Growth Mol. Cell. Biol., January 15, 2006; 26(2): 413 - 424. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. H. Lee, D. Schutte, G. Wulf, L. Fuzesi, H.-J. Radzun, S. Schweyer, W. Engel, and K. Nayernia Stem-cell protein Piwil2 is widely expressed in tumors and inhibits apoptosis through activation of Stat3/Bcl-XL pathway Hum. Mol. Genet., January 15, 2006; 15(2): 201 - 211. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Nam, R. Buettner, J. Turkson, D. Kim, J. Q. Cheng, S. Muehlbeyer, F. Hippe, S. Vatter, K.-H. Merz, G. Eisenbrand, et al. Indirubin derivatives inhibit Stat3 signaling and induce apoptosis in human cancer cells PNAS, April 26, 2005; 102(17): 5998 - 6003. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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S. Kusmartsev and D. I. Gabrilovich STAT1 Signaling Regulates Tumor-Associated Macrophage-Mediated T Cell Deletion J. Immunol., April 15, 2005; 174(8): 4880 - 4891. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. J. Gu, L. Santiago, and B. S. Mitchell Synergy between imatinib and mycophenolic acid in inducing apoptosis in cell lines expressing Bcr-Abl Blood, April 15, 2005; 105(8): 3270 - 3277. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. J. Aichberger, M. Mayerhofer, M.-T. Krauth, H. Skvara, S. Florian, K. Sonneck, C. Akgul, S. Derdak, W. F. Pickl, V. Wacheck, et al. Identification of mcl-1 as a BCR/ABL-dependent target in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): evidence for cooperative antileukemic effects of imatinib and mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides Blood, April 15, 2005; 105(8): 3303 - 3311. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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V. Moucadel and S. N. Constantinescu Differential STAT5 Signaling by Ligand-dependent and Constitutively Active Cytokine Receptors J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 13364 - 13373. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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L. Burdelya, M. Kujawski, G. Niu, B. Zhong, T. Wang, S. Zhang, M. Kortylewski, K. Shain, H. Kay, J. Djeu, et al. Stat3 Activity in Melanoma Cells Affects Migration of Immune Effector Cells and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Antitumor Effects J. Immunol., April 1, 2005; 174(7): 3925 - 3931. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Turkson, S. Zhang, J. Palmer, H. Kay, J. Stanko, L. B. Mora, S. Sebti, H. Yu, and R. Jove Inhibition of constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation by novel platinum complexes with potent antitumor activity Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2004; 3(12): 1533 - 1542. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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M. V. Yezhelyev, G. Koehl, M. Guba, T. Brabletz, K.-W. Jauch, A. Ryan, A. Barge, T. Green, M. Fennell, and C. J. Bruns Inhibition of Src Tyrosine Kinase as Treatment for Human Pancreatic Cancer Growing Orthotopically in Nude Mice Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 10(23): 8028 - 8036. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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N. Jing, Y. Li, W. Xiong, W. Sha, L. Jing, and D. J. Tweardy G-Quartet Oligonucleotides: A New Class of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Inhibitors That Suppresses Growth of Prostate and Breast Tumors through Induction of Apoptosis Cancer Res., September 15, 2004; 64(18): 6603 - 6609. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Siavash, N.G. Nikitakis, and J.J. Sauk SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION: INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF ORAL CANCER Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, September 1, 2004; 15(5): 298 - 307. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. E. Spaner Amplifying cancer vaccine responses by modifying pathogenic gene programs in tumor cells J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2004; 76(2): 338 - 351. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. Dai, M. Rahmani, X.-Y. Pei, P. Dent, and S. Grant Bortezomib and flavopiridol interact synergistically to induce apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells resistant to imatinib mesylate through both Bcr/Abl-dependent and -independent mechanisms Blood, July 15, 2004; 104(2): 509 - 518. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. N. Meyer, R. F. Gastwirt, D. D. Schlaepfer, and D. J. Donoghue The Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 as a Novel Effector of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Activation J. Biol. Chem., July 2, 2004; 279(27): 28450 - 28457. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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G. V. Scagliotti, G. Selvaggi, S. Novello, and F. R. Hirsch The Biology of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Lung Cancer Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2004; 10(12): 4227S - 4232S. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. L. Silver, H. Naora, J. Liu, W. Cheng, and D. J. Montell Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) 3: Localization in Focal Adhesions and Function in Ovarian Cancer Cell Motility Cancer Res., May 15, 2004; 64(10): 3550 - 3558. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. J. Peltola, K. Paukku, T. L. T. Aho, M. Ruuska, O. Silvennoinen, and P. J. Koskinen Pim-1 kinase inhibits STAT5-dependent transcription via its interactions with SOCS1 and SOCS3 Blood, May 15, 2004; 103(10): 3744 - 3750. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Dowlati, D. Nethery, and J. A. Kern Combined inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and JAK/STAT pathways results in greater growth inhibition in vitro than single agent therapy Mol. Cancer Ther., April 1, 2004; 3(4): 459 - 463. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. Dvorakova, C. M. Payne, L. Ramsey, H. Holubec, R. Sampliner, J. Dominguez, B. Dvorak, H. Bernstein, C. Bernstein, A. Prasad, et al. Increased Expression and Secretion of Interleukin-6 in Patients with Barrett's Esophagus Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2004; 10(6): 2020 - 2028. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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B. Sredni, M. Weil, G. Khomenok, I. Lebenthal, S. Teitz, Y. Mardor, Z. Ram, A. Orenstein, A. Kershenovich, S. Michowiz, et al. Ammonium Trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o')tellurate (AS101) Sensitizes Tumors to Chemotherapy by Inhibiting the Tumor Interleukin 10 Autocrine Loop Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 64(5): 1843 - 1852. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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K. Nagel-Wolfrum, C. Buerger, I. Wittig, K. Butz, F. Hoppe-Seyler, and B. Groner The Interaction of Specific Peptide Aptamers With the DNA Binding Domain and the Dimerization Domain of the Transcription Factor Stat3 Inhibits Transactivation and Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells Mol. Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 2(3): 170 - 182. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Turkson, J. S. Kim, S. Zhang, J. Yuan, M. Huang, M. Glenn, E. Haura, S. Sebti, A. D. Hamilton, and R. Jove Novel peptidomimetic inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 dimerization and biological activity Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2004; 3(3): 261 - 269. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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N. N. Khodarev, M. Beckett, E. Labay, T. Darga, B. Roizman, and R. R. Weichselbaum STAT1 is overexpressed in tumors selected for radioresistance and confers protection from radiation in transduced sensitive cells PNAS, February 10, 2004; 101(6): 1714 - 1719. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Nakajima, M. Takenaka, J.-Y. Kaimori, T. Hamano, H. Iwatani, T. Sugaya, T. Ito, M. Hori, and E. Imai Activation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Pathway in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells by Albumin J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2004; 15(2): 276 - 285. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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B. E. Barton, J. G. Karras, T. F. Murphy, A. Barton, and H. F-S. Huang Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in prostate cancer: Direct STAT3 inhibition induces apoptosis in prostate cancer lines Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2004; 3(1): 11 - 20. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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M. Nunes, C. Shi, and L. M. Greenberger Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, protein kinase B, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 are differently inhibited by an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, EKB-569, in tumor cells and normal human keratinocytes Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2004; 3(1): 21 - 27. [Abstract] [Full Text] |
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Y. Nefedova, M. Huang, S. Kusmartsev, R. Bhattacharya, P. Cheng, R. Salup, R. Jove, and D. Gabrilovich Hyperactivation of STAT3 Is Involved in Abnormal Differentiation of Dendritic Cells in Cancer J. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 172(1): 464 - 474. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. V. Kazansky, D. M. Spencer, and N. M. Greenberg Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 is Required for Progression of Autochthonous Prostate Cancer: Evidence from the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate System Cancer Res., December 15, 2003; 63(24): 8757 - 8762. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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B. He, L. You, K. Uematsu, K. Zang, Z. Xu, A. Y. Lee, J. F. Costello, F. McCormick, and D. M. Jablons SOCS-3 is frequently silenced by hypermethylation and suppresses cell growth in human lung cancer PNAS, November 25, 2003; 100(24): 14133 - 14138. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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F. Behbod, Z. S. Nagy, S. M. Stepkowski, J. Karras, C. R. Johnson, W. D. Jarvis, and R. A. Kirken Specific Inhibition of Stat5a/b Promotes Apoptosis of IL-2-Responsive Primary and Tumor-Derived Lymphoid Cells J. Immunol., October 15, 2003; 171(8): 3919 - 3927. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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R. Fahrig, J.-C. Heinrich, B. Nickel, F. Wilfert, C. Leisser, G. Krupitza, C. Praha, D. Sonntag, B. Fiedler, H. Scherthan, et al. Inhibition of Induced Chemoresistance by Cotreatment with (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-Deoxyuridine (RP101) Cancer Res., September 15, 2003; 63(18): 5745 - 5753. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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J. Zhang, J. Yang, S. K. Roy, S. Tininini, J. Hu, J. F. Bromberg, V. Poli, G. R. Stark, and D. V. Kalvakolanu The cell death regulator GRIM-19 is an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 PNAS, August 5, 2003; 100(16): 9342 - 9347. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Rascle, J. A. Johnston, and B. Amati Deacetylase Activity Is Required for Recruitment of the Basal Transcription Machinery and Transactivation by STAT5 Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2003; 23(12): 4162 - 4173. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. M. Ulane, J. J. Rodriguez, J.-P. Parisien, and C. M. Horvath STAT3 Ubiquitylation and Degradation by Mumps Virus Suppress Cytokine and Oncogene Signaling J. Virol., June 1, 2003; 77(11): 6385 - 6393. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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Y. Yasuda, Y. Fujita, T. Matsuo, S. Koinuma, S. Hara, A. Tazaki, M. Onozaki, M. Hashimoto, T. Musha, K. Ogawa, et al. Erythropoietin regulates tumour growth of human malignancies Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2003; 24(6): 1021 - 1029. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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H. Chen, L. Hutt-Fletcher, L. Cao, and S. D. Hayward A Positive Autoregulatory Loop of LMP1 Expression and STAT Activation in Epithelial Cells Latently Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus J. Virol., April 1, 2003; 77(7): 4139 - 4148. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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C. Kari, T. O. Chan, M. Rocha de Quadros, and U. Rodeck Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Cancer: Apoptosis Takes Center Stage Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 63(1): 1 - 5. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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D. R. Scoles, V. D. Nguyen, Y. Qin, C.-X. Sun, H. Morrison, D. H. Gutmann, and S.-M. Pulst Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor schwannomin and its interacting protein HRS regulate STAT signaling Hum. Mol. Genet., December 1, 2002; 11(25): 3179 - 3189. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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A. Martinez, M. Vos, L. Guedez, G. Kaur, Z. Chen, M. Garayoa, R. Pio, T. Moody, W. G. Stetler-Stevenson, H. K. Kleinman, et al. The Effects of Adrenomedullin Overexpression in Breast Tumor Cells J Natl Cancer Inst, August 21, 2002; 94(16): 1226 - 1237. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] |
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