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Clinical Cancer Research Vol. 8, 945-954, April 2002
© 2002 American Association for Cancer Research


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Activated STAT Signaling in Human Tumors Provides Novel Molecular Targets for Therapeutic Intervention1

Ralf Buettner, Linda B. Mora and Richard Jove2

Molecular Oncology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute [R. B., L. B. M., R. J.], and Departments of Oncology [R. B., L. B. M., R. J.], Pathology [L. B. M., R. J.], and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology [R. J.], University of South Florida, College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida 33612

The signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)factors function as downstream effectors of cytokine and growth factor receptor signaling. Compared with normal cells and tissues, constitutively activated STATs have been detected in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines and primary tumors. STATs are activated by tyrosine phosphorylation, which is normally a transient and tightly regulated process. In tumor cells, constitutive activation of STATs is linked to persistent activity of tyrosine kinases, including Src, epidermal growth factor receptor, Janus kinases, Bcr-Abl, and many others. Such oncogenic tyrosine kinases are often activated as a consequence of permanent ligand/receptor engagement in autocrine or paracrine cytokine and growth factor signaling or represent autonomous constitutively active enzymes as a result of genetic alterations found in tumor but not normal cells. Persistent signaling of specific STATs, in particular Stat3 and Stat5, has been demonstrated to directly contribute to oncogenesis by stimulating cell proliferation and preventing apoptosis. STATs participate in oncogenesis through up-regulation of genes encoding apoptosis inhibitors and cell cycle regulators such as Bcl-xL, Mcl-1, cyclins D1/D2, and c-Myc. Inhibition of constitutively active STAT signaling pathways has been shown repeatedly to inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo and provides a novel means for therapeutic intervention in human cancer. In this review, we will: (a) explain the mechanisms of STAT activation in normal and malignant signaling; (b) summarize recent evidence for the critical role of constitutively activated Stat3 and Stat5 in oncogenesis; (c) identify candidate STAT target genes implicated in tumor progression; and (d) discuss molecular and pharmacological strategies to interfere with STAT signaling for potential therapeutic intervention in human cancer.




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BloodHome page
J. J. Gu, L. Santiago, and B. S. Mitchell
Synergy between imatinib and mycophenolic acid in inducing apoptosis in cell lines expressing Bcr-Abl
Blood, April 15, 2005; 105(8): 3270 - 3277.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
K. J. Aichberger, M. Mayerhofer, M.-T. Krauth, H. Skvara, S. Florian, K. Sonneck, C. Akgul, S. Derdak, W. F. Pickl, V. Wacheck, et al.
Identification of mcl-1 as a BCR/ABL-dependent target in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML): evidence for cooperative antileukemic effects of imatinib and mcl-1 antisense oligonucleotides
Blood, April 15, 2005; 105(8): 3303 - 3311.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
V. Moucadel and S. N. Constantinescu
Differential STAT5 Signaling by Ligand-dependent and Constitutively Active Cytokine Receptors
J. Biol. Chem., April 8, 2005; 280(14): 13364 - 13373.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
L. Burdelya, M. Kujawski, G. Niu, B. Zhong, T. Wang, S. Zhang, M. Kortylewski, K. Shain, H. Kay, J. Djeu, et al.
Stat3 Activity in Melanoma Cells Affects Migration of Immune Effector Cells and Nitric Oxide-Mediated Antitumor Effects
J. Immunol., April 1, 2005; 174(7): 3925 - 3931.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
R. Ravi, A. J. Jain, R. D. Schulick, V. Pham, T. S. Prouser, H. Allen, E. G. Mayer, H. Yu, D. M. Pardoll, A. Ashkenazi, et al.
Elimination of Hepatic Metastases of Colon Cancer Cells via p53-Independent Cross-Talk between Irinotecan and Apo2 Ligand/TRAIL
Cancer Res., December 15, 2004; 64(24): 9105 - 9114.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
J. Turkson, S. Zhang, J. Palmer, H. Kay, J. Stanko, L. B. Mora, S. Sebti, H. Yu, and R. Jove
Inhibition of constitutive signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activation by novel platinum complexes with potent antitumor activity
Mol. Cancer Ther., December 1, 2004; 3(12): 1533 - 1542.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
M. V. Yezhelyev, G. Koehl, M. Guba, T. Brabletz, K.-W. Jauch, A. Ryan, A. Barge, T. Green, M. Fennell, and C. J. Bruns
Inhibition of Src Tyrosine Kinase as Treatment for Human Pancreatic Cancer Growing Orthotopically in Nude Mice
Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 10(23): 8028 - 8036.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Cancer ResHome page
W. G. Douglas, E. Tracy, D. Tan, J. Yu, W. L. Hicks Jr., N. R. Rigual, T. R. Loree, Y. Wang, and H. Baumann
Development of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma Is Associated With Altered Cytokine Responsiveness
Mol. Cancer Res., October 1, 2004; 2(10): 585 - 593.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
B. E. Barton, T. F. Murphy, P. Shu, H. F. Huang, M. Meyenhofen, and A. Barton
Novel single-stranded oligonucleotides that inhibit signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 induce apoptosis in vitro and in vivo in prostate cancer cell lines
Mol. Cancer Ther., October 1, 2004; 3(10): 1183 - 1191.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
N. Jing, Y. Li, W. Xiong, W. Sha, L. Jing, and D. J. Tweardy
G-Quartet Oligonucleotides: A New Class of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Inhibitors That Suppresses Growth of Prostate and Breast Tumors through Induction of Apoptosis
Cancer Res., September 15, 2004; 64(18): 6603 - 6609.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CROBMHome page
H. Siavash, N.G. Nikitakis, and J.J. Sauk
SIGNAL TRANSDUCERS AND ACTIVATORS OF TRANSCRIPTION: INSIGHTS INTO THE MOLECULAR BASIS OF ORAL CANCER
Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine, September 1, 2004; 15(5): 298 - 307.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Leukoc. Biol.Home page
D. E. Spaner
Amplifying cancer vaccine responses by modifying pathogenic gene programs in tumor cells
J. Leukoc. Biol., August 1, 2004; 76(2): 338 - 351.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
Y. Dai, M. Rahmani, X.-Y. Pei, P. Dent, and S. Grant
Bortezomib and flavopiridol interact synergistically to induce apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells resistant to imatinib mesylate through both Bcr/Abl-dependent and -independent mechanisms
Blood, July 15, 2004; 104(2): 509 - 518.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Biol. Chem.Home page
A. N. Meyer, R. F. Gastwirt, D. D. Schlaepfer, and D. J. Donoghue
The Cytoplasmic Tyrosine Kinase Pyk2 as a Novel Effector of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 Activation
J. Biol. Chem., July 2, 2004; 279(27): 28450 - 28457.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
G. V. Scagliotti, G. Selvaggi, S. Novello, and F. R. Hirsch
The Biology of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Lung Cancer
Clin. Cancer Res., June 15, 2004; 10(12): 4227S - 4232S.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
D. L. Silver, H. Naora, J. Liu, W. Cheng, and D. J. Montell
Activated Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (STAT) 3: Localization in Focal Adhesions and Function in Ovarian Cancer Cell Motility
Cancer Res., May 15, 2004; 64(10): 3550 - 3558.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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BloodHome page
K. J. Peltola, K. Paukku, T. L. T. Aho, M. Ruuska, O. Silvennoinen, and P. J. Koskinen
Pim-1 kinase inhibits STAT5-dependent transcription via its interactions with SOCS1 and SOCS3
Blood, May 15, 2004; 103(10): 3744 - 3750.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
A. Dowlati, D. Nethery, and J. A. Kern
Combined inhibition of epidermal growth factor receptor and JAK/STAT pathways results in greater growth inhibition in vitro than single agent therapy
Mol. Cancer Ther., April 1, 2004; 3(4): 459 - 463.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
K. Dvorakova, C. M. Payne, L. Ramsey, H. Holubec, R. Sampliner, J. Dominguez, B. Dvorak, H. Bernstein, C. Bernstein, A. Prasad, et al.
Increased Expression and Secretion of Interleukin-6 in Patients with Barrett's Esophagus
Clin. Cancer Res., March 15, 2004; 10(6): 2020 - 2028.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
B. Sredni, M. Weil, G. Khomenok, I. Lebenthal, S. Teitz, Y. Mardor, Z. Ram, A. Orenstein, A. Kershenovich, S. Michowiz, et al.
Ammonium Trichloro(dioxoethylene-o,o')tellurate (AS101) Sensitizes Tumors to Chemotherapy by Inhibiting the Tumor Interleukin 10 Autocrine Loop
Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 64(5): 1843 - 1852.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol Cancer ResHome page
K. Nagel-Wolfrum, C. Buerger, I. Wittig, K. Butz, F. Hoppe-Seyler, and B. Groner
The Interaction of Specific Peptide Aptamers With the DNA Binding Domain and the Dimerization Domain of the Transcription Factor Stat3 Inhibits Transactivation and Induces Apoptosis in Tumor Cells
Mol. Cancer Res., March 1, 2004; 2(3): 170 - 182.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
J. Turkson, J. S. Kim, S. Zhang, J. Yuan, M. Huang, M. Glenn, E. Haura, S. Sebti, A. D. Hamilton, and R. Jove
Novel peptidomimetic inhibitors of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 dimerization and biological activity
Mol. Cancer Ther., March 1, 2004; 3(3): 261 - 269.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
N. N. Khodarev, M. Beckett, E. Labay, T. Darga, B. Roizman, and R. R. Weichselbaum
STAT1 is overexpressed in tumors selected for radioresistance and confers protection from radiation in transduced sensitive cells
PNAS, February 10, 2004; 101(6): 1714 - 1719.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Am. Soc. Nephrol.Home page
H. Nakajima, M. Takenaka, J.-Y. Kaimori, T. Hamano, H. Iwatani, T. Sugaya, T. Ito, M. Hori, and E. Imai
Activation of the Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Signaling Pathway in Renal Proximal Tubular Cells by Albumin
J. Am. Soc. Nephrol., February 1, 2004; 15(2): 276 - 285.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
B. E. Barton, J. G. Karras, T. F. Murphy, A. Barton, and H. F-S. Huang
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in prostate cancer: Direct STAT3 inhibition induces apoptosis in prostate cancer lines
Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2004; 3(1): 11 - 20.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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Molecular Cancer TherapeuticsHome page
M. Nunes, C. Shi, and L. M. Greenberger
Phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2, protein kinase B, and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 are differently inhibited by an epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor, EKB-569, in tumor cells and normal human keratinocytes
Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2004; 3(1): 21 - 27.
[Abstract] [Full Text]


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J. Immunol.Home page
Y. Nefedova, M. Huang, S. Kusmartsev, R. Bhattacharya, P. Cheng, R. Salup, R. Jove, and D. Gabrilovich
Hyperactivation of STAT3 Is Involved in Abnormal Differentiation of Dendritic Cells in Cancer
J. Immunol., January 1, 2004; 172(1): 464 - 474.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
A. V. Kazansky, D. M. Spencer, and N. M. Greenberg
Activation of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 5 is Required for Progression of Autochthonous Prostate Cancer: Evidence from the Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of the Mouse Prostate System
Cancer Res., December 15, 2003; 63(24): 8757 - 8762.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
B. He, L. You, K. Uematsu, K. Zang, Z. Xu, A. Y. Lee, J. F. Costello, F. McCormick, and D. M. Jablons
SOCS-3 is frequently silenced by hypermethylation and suppresses cell growth in human lung cancer
PNAS, November 25, 2003; 100(24): 14133 - 14138.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Immunol.Home page
F. Behbod, Z. S. Nagy, S. M. Stepkowski, J. Karras, C. R. Johnson, W. D. Jarvis, and R. A. Kirken
Specific Inhibition of Stat5a/b Promotes Apoptosis of IL-2-Responsive Primary and Tumor-Derived Lymphoid Cells
J. Immunol., October 15, 2003; 171(8): 3919 - 3927.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
R. Fahrig, J.-C. Heinrich, B. Nickel, F. Wilfert, C. Leisser, G. Krupitza, C. Praha, D. Sonntag, B. Fiedler, H. Scherthan, et al.
Inhibition of Induced Chemoresistance by Cotreatment with (E)-5-(2-Bromovinyl)-2'-Deoxyuridine (RP101)
Cancer Res., September 15, 2003; 63(18): 5745 - 5753.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USAHome page
J. Zhang, J. Yang, S. K. Roy, S. Tininini, J. Hu, J. F. Bromberg, V. Poli, G. R. Stark, and D. V. Kalvakolanu
The cell death regulator GRIM-19 is an inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
PNAS, August 5, 2003; 100(16): 9342 - 9347.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Mol. Cell. Biol.Home page
A. Rascle, J. A. Johnston, and B. Amati
Deacetylase Activity Is Required for Recruitment of the Basal Transcription Machinery and Transactivation by STAT5
Mol. Cell. Biol., June 15, 2003; 23(12): 4162 - 4173.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Virol.Home page
C. M. Ulane, J. J. Rodriguez, J.-P. Parisien, and C. M. Horvath
STAT3 Ubiquitylation and Degradation by Mumps Virus Suppress Cytokine and Oncogene Signaling
J. Virol., June 1, 2003; 77(11): 6385 - 6393.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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CarcinogenesisHome page
Y. Yasuda, Y. Fujita, T. Matsuo, S. Koinuma, S. Hara, A. Tazaki, M. Onozaki, M. Hashimoto, T. Musha, K. Ogawa, et al.
Erythropoietin regulates tumour growth of human malignancies
Carcinogenesis, June 1, 2003; 24(6): 1021 - 1029.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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J. Virol.Home page
H. Chen, L. Hutt-Fletcher, L. Cao, and S. D. Hayward
A Positive Autoregulatory Loop of LMP1 Expression and STAT Activation in Epithelial Cells Latently Infected with Epstein-Barr Virus
J. Virol., April 1, 2003; 77(7): 4139 - 4148.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Cancer Res.Home page
C. Kari, T. O. Chan, M. Rocha de Quadros, and U. Rodeck
Targeting the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Cancer: Apoptosis Takes Center Stage
Cancer Res., January 1, 2003; 63(1): 1 - 5.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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Hum Mol GenetHome page
D. R. Scoles, V. D. Nguyen, Y. Qin, C.-X. Sun, H. Morrison, D. H. Gutmann, and S.-M. Pulst
Neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) tumor suppressor schwannomin and its interacting protein HRS regulate STAT signaling
Hum. Mol. Genet., December 1, 2002; 11(25): 3179 - 3189.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]


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JNCI J Natl Cancer InstHome page
A. Martinez, M. Vos, L. Guedez, G. Kaur, Z. Chen, M. Garayoa, R. Pio, T. Moody, W. G. Stetler-Stevenson, H. K. Kleinman, et al.
The Effects of Adrenomedullin Overexpression in Breast Tumor Cells
J Natl Cancer Inst, August 21, 2002; 94(16): 1226 - 1237.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]




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