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Clinical Trials |
1 Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
2 Sainte-Justine Hospital, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
3 University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, Vermont
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ABSTRACT |
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Experimental Design: As part of a Pediatric Oncology Group Phase I study, 120 mg/m2 of O6BG was administered i.v. over 1 h, before 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea administration in children with recurrent or refractory brain tumors. Serial blood samples for plasma pharmacokinetic studies were obtained. Concentrations of O6BG and its active metabolite O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-O6BG) were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography. A pharmacokinetic model and additional first-order elimination rate constants for each compound were developed.
Results: O6BG concentration versus time data were evaluated for 25 patients. The peak concentration of O6BG (mean ± SD) was 11 ± 4 µM, and the peak concentration of its active metabolite, 8-oxo-O6BG, was 35 ± 10 µM. O6BG was rapidly eliminated with a half-life of 85 ± 140 min, area under the curve of 795 ± 320 µM · min and clearance of 760 ± 400 ml/min/m2. The area under the curve of 8-oxo-O6BG when extrapolated to infinity was 22,700 ± 11,800 µM · min. The clearance and terminal half-life of 8-oxo-O6BG were 30 ± 15 ml/min/m2 and 360 ± 220 min, respectively.
Conclusions: There is rapid elimination of O6BG after i.v. administration over 1 h. In contrast, the terminal half-life for the active metabolite, 8-oxo-O6BG, is 4-fold longer. The pharmacokinetic parameters for O6BG and 8-oxo-O6BG are similar to those reported previously in adults.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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O6-alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase (AGAT) is a DNA repair enzyme that repairs adducts at the O6 position of guanine by transferring the alkyl group to a cysteine residue within its sequence. During this process, irreversible inactivation of the protein occurs (5 , 6) . Because the repair enzyme is a single turnover enzyme, the number of DNA lesions that can be repaired is stoichiometrically proportional to the amount of AGAT in the cell (7) . Consequently, once the enzyme is depleted, further DNA repair is dependent on de novo enzyme synthesis (8) . Thus, depletion of AGAT has been postulated to increase the sensitivity of cells to nitrosourea-mediated DNA damage.
O6-benzylguanine (O6BG) was developed to be a potent and selective AGAT inhibitor. O6BG and its metabolite O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine (8-oxo-O6BG) bind to the same cysteine residue on the AGAT molecule that is used for alkyl group transfer, thereby permanently inactivating that enzyme molecule (6) . Multiple studies have been performed using O6BG before nitrosourea treatment in adult phase 1 and 2 clinical trials. Pharmacokinetic studies of O6BG in adults show that elimination of O6BG from the plasma is rapid. Essentially, all of the drug was oxidized to the active metabolite 8-oxo-O6BG by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The metabolite has nearly identical AGAT inhibition activity as the parent drug (9 , 10) .
We report the results of the first pharmacokinetic study of O6BG in pediatric patients. These studies were a component of Pediatric Oncology Group study (POG) 9870 of O6BG administered before 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU).
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PATIENTS AND METHODS |
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50%; a life expectancy >8 weeks; recovery from previous chemotherapy; and adequate bone marrow, hepatic, renal, and pulmonary function. Patients with brain stem glioma were exempted from the requirement for biopsy.
Drug.
O6-BG (NSC 637037, IND 45789) was supplied by the National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, in dual packs with diluent. The drug was provided in 100-mg vials that contained white lyophilized powder with 670 mg of mannitol, USP, and sodium hydroxide to adjust pH to 7–8.5. Diluent consisted of a 30-ml vial that contained sterile solution of 40% polyethylene glycol 400 in phosphate buffer (pH 8; 106 mg of dibasic sodium phosphate, 102 mg of monobasic potassium phosphate in sterile water for injection USP). Once diluted, each milliliter of the resulting solution contained 3.3 mg of O6-BG, 22 mg of mannitol, USP, 0.4 ml of polyethylene glycol 400, and approximately 0.6 ml (pH 7) of phosphate buffer.
Study Design.
Patients received both O6BG and BCNU. The dose of O6BG was 120 mg/m2. O6BG was administered i.v. over 1 h. One h after completion of the O6BG infusion, BCNU was administered i.v. over 1 h. Courses of O6BG and BCNU were repeated every 6 weeks provided patients had stable or responsive disease and evidence of recovery from all prior course toxicity. Patients who had progressive disease after any treatment course were removed from protocol therapy. At least three patients within a cohort had to be assessable for toxicity before escalating to the next higher dose level. If one of the first three patients entered at a dose level had dose-limiting toxicity, up to three additional patients were entered at that dose level. There was no intrapatient dose escalation. Standard criteria were used for response and toxicity analysis.
Pharmacokinetic studies were performed during the first course of chemotherapy only. In the first 16 patients, blood samples were collected before O6BG infusion; at the end of the infusion; at 5, 15, 30 min; at 1, 2, 4, 6, and 24 h; and when possible at 48 h after infusion. Nine patients also had samples collected at 8, 10, and 12 h after initial data analysis revealed the need for additional sampling between 6 and 24 h. Blood samples were immediately centrifuged, and the plasma fraction was stored at –20°C or colder before analysis.
Sample Analysis.
Plasma samples underwent solid-phase extraction using 3 ml Bond Elut C18 prep columns (Analytichem International, Harbor City, CA) rinsed previously with 3 ml of methanol and 3 ml of 0.25 M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0). After loading 500 µl of plasma, the columns were washed with 3 ml of 0.25 M ammonium acetate (pH 7.0) and eluted with 2 ml of acetonitrile. Eluates were evaporated to dryness under nitrogen at 37°C. Before injection onto the high-performance liquid chromatography system, samples were reconstituted in 500-µl mobile phase and filtered through a 0.45-µm filter (Ultrafree-MC; Millipore Corp., Bedford, MA).
Reconstituted samples were injected onto a Beckman C18 5 µ 4.6 x 250 mm column (Beckman Instruments, Fullerton, CA) with a Brownlee ODS-GU C18 guard column (Applied Biosystems, San Jose, CA) and eluted with a mobile phase of 0.25 M ammonium acetate, pH 7.0/methanol (50:50, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. Peaks were monitored on a Waters model 490 programmable multiwavelength detector at 280 nm (Waters Associates, Milford, MA). Separate O6BG and O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine standard curves were prepared with each set of samples. The intra- and interassay accuracy and coefficient of variation were <10%.
Pharmacokinetic Analysis.
Pharmacokinetic analysis, including determination of plasma exposure (area under the concentration-time curve), half-life, and clearance was performed using MLAB software (11)
. On the basis of the literature and our previous experience modeling O6BG and 8-oxo-BG, we fit the concentration-time data to the model shown in (Fig. 1)
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where C is the concentration of O6BG at time t; M is the concentration of O6-benzyl-8-oxoguanine at time t; infusion(t) represents drug administration; k12 is the rate constant describing the formation of metabolite from O6BG; k10 is the elimination rate constant for O6BG for all other routes of elimination; and k20 is the elimination rate constant for the metabolite. Clearance was calculated from the fitted model parameters. The precision of the models was measured by evaluating the root mean square error.
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RESULTS |
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. The peak concentration of O6BG (mean ± SD) was 11 ± 4 µM. O6BG was rapidly eliminated with a half-life of 85 ± 140 min, area under the curve of 795 ± 320 µM ·min, and clearance of 760 ± 40 ml/min/m2. The peak concentration of 8-oxo-O6BG was 35 ± 10 µM. The area under the curve of 8-oxo-O6BG when calculated to the last time point was 12,100 ± 5,790 µM ·min. Initial sampling times did not permit extrapolation to infinity or estimation of the terminal half-life for 8-oxo-O6BG, because drug concentrations were quantifiable at 6 h but below the limits of quantification at 24 h. Additional sampling time points were added, allowing extrapolation to infinity with a resulting area under the curve of 22,700 ± 11,800 µM ·min, clearance of 30 ± 15 ml/min/m2 and a terminal half-life of 360 ± 220 min. Clearance, half-life, and area under the curve values for O6BG and 8-oxo-O6BG were similar to published adult data (Table 1)
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONPATIENTS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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We found that O6BG is rapidly eliminated with a half-life of 85 ± 140 min after i.v. administration. In contrast 8-oxo-O6BG, an active metabolite, appears rapidly in plasma after O6BG administration and has a prolonged half-life of approximately 6 h. In most patients, the combined concentrations of O6BG and 8-oxo-O6BG exceed 1 µM for 16 h. In extracts from the HT29 cell line, a concentration of 0.3 µM 8-oxo-O6BG for 30 min resulted in inactivation of 50% of the methyl-guanine-methyl-transferase activity, compared with 0.2 µM O6BG (10) . In adult studies (19, 20, 21) , doses of 100–120 mg/m2 O6BG resulted in concentrations of O6BG and 8-oxo-O6BG in the micromolar range for up to 24 h (8-oxo-O6BG) and completely eliminated tumor AGAT activity during that time. Therefore, our results suggest that clinically relevant AGAT-inactivating concentrations are obtained in children after administration of 120 mg/m2 O6BG.
This study also shows that the pharmacokinetic parameters for both O6BG and 8-oxo-O6BG in children were similar to those obtained in adults (Table 1)
. After comparable doses of O6BG, the terminal half-life of O6BG was 40 min, and the terminal half-life of 8-oxo-O6BG was approximately 220 min (19)
. One interesting difference between adults and children was that 8-oxo-O6BG concentrations measured 24 h after the O6BG infusion were substantially lower in children than adults. In adult studies, the 24 h concentration of 8-oxo-O6BG ranged from 0.5 to 1.6 µM after O6BG doses of 80–120 mg/m2 (19
, 22)
. In contrast, in the present study, the 24-h concentration of 8-oxo-O6BG after a dose of 120 mg/m2 was below the limits of assay quantitation, 150 nM. The reason for this difference is unclear. O6BG is oxidized to an active metabolite, 8-oxo-O6BG, by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. 8-Oxo-O6BG is subsequently metabolized by debenzylation, although the mechanism of this is unclear (10)
. Thus, it is possible that developmental differences in enzyme activity could account for this observed difference between children and adults.
Future studies of O6BG combined with BCNU in children are not planned because this combination did not result in tumor regression in adult glioma patients at doses of BCNU that could be delivered with acceptable clinical toxicity (23) . Nevertheless, the pharmacokinetic profile of O6BG in children is important especially because there are other ongoing pediatric studies that use O6BG. These studies, which are primarily for children with recurrent or refractory central nervous system tumors, include several trials of O6BG plus temozolomide as well as a trial of O6BG plus Gliadel. The potential advantage of using O6BG with a form of loco-regional drug delivery such as Gliadel is that systemic toxicities that limit the dose of BCNU that can safely be co-administered with O6BG are theoretically avoided. In summary, the O6BG pharmacokinetic data from this trial coupled with data from adult studies strongly suggest that there is clinically relevant inactivation of AGAT after administration of 120 mg/m2 of O6BG to children with central nervous system tumors.
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FOOTNOTES |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Note: Present address for K. Neville is Riley Children’s Hospital, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
Requests for reprints: Susan Blaney, Children’s Oncology Group, P.O. Box 60012, Arcadia, CA. Phone: (832) 822-1482; Fax: (832) 825-4299; E-mail: sblaney{at}bcm.txccc.org
Received 8/29/03; revised 4/16/04; accepted 4/27/04.
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