This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Camphausen, K. Articles by Tofilon, P. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Camphausen, K. Articles by Tofilon, P. J.

Enhancement of Xenograft Tumor Radiosensitivity by the Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor MS-275 and Correlation with Histone Hyperacetylation

¹ Radiation Oncology Branch and ² Molecular Radiation Therapeutics Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland

ABSTRACT

Purpose: Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are undergoing clinical evaluation in cancer therapy. Because HDAC modulation has been shown to enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells in vitro, we investigated the effects of the HDAC inhibitor MS-275 on the radioresponse of DU145 prostate carcinoma xenografts.

Experimental Design: As an indicator of HDAC inhibition in vivo, the histone acetylation status in tumor lysates was determined after two, four, and six injections of MS-275 delivered at 12-hour intervals, as well as 24 and 48 hours after the last injection. Tumor growth delay studies were then performed using this DU-145 xenograft model with radiation administered to leg tumors after the fourth dose of MS-275, which corresponded to the time of maximum histone hyperacetylation.

Results: An increase in histone hyperacetylation was detected in each tumor after two injections of MS-275 with a maximum hyperacetylation occurring after four to six injections. In tumor growth delay studies, the combination of MS-275 and radiation resulted in a greater than additive inhibition of tumor growth as compared with the individual modalities. As alternative sources for an indicator of drug radiosensitizing activity, histone hyperacetylation was determined in a series of normal tissues, including lymphocytes. Each of the normal tissues also had a maximal histone hyperacetylation after four to six injections of MS-275.

Conclusions: These studies show that MS-275 enhances the radiosensitivity of DU145 xenografts and suggest that histone hyperacetylation status can serve as a useful marker for drug radiosensitizing activity.

INTRODUCTION

Whereas oncogenesis has been associated with histone acetyl transferase inactivation, it is aberrant histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity that is considered a potential target for cancer therapy (1) . HDAC inhibition, putatively via modulation of gene expression, has been reported to induce tumor cell differentiation, apoptosis, and/or growth arrest, depending on the experimental system (2) . However, for most cell lines generated from solid tumors, the primary effect of HDAC inhibition is one of cytostasis, as is the case for most target directed chemotherapeutic agents. Regarding a potential application in the treatment of solid tumors, previous studies have shown that sodium butyrate and trichostatin, two structurally disparate compounds with the common action of inhibiting HDAC activity, enhanced the in vitro sensitivity of tumor cells to radiation (2, 3, 4) . Those reports suggested that HDACs might serve as a target for radiosensitizers. However, a significant impediment to the targeting of HDAC has been the lack of a clinically applicable HDAC inhibitor. Because of its very short half-life and low achievable serum concentration, sodium butyrate has limited clinical applicability (5, 6, 7, 8) . Similarly, trichostatin A has excessive cytotoxicity apparently because of actions not involving histone acetylation and is unstable under in vivo treatment conditions (9, 10, 11) .

Recently, a number of HDAC inhibitors with in vivo activity have been developed. One such compound is the benzamide derivative MS-275. It is a potent HDAC inhibitor and has been reported to have in vivo antitumor activity in a number of preclinical models (11) . As an initial step in identifying a clinically applicable HDAC inhibitor for combination with radiotherapy, we investigated the effects of MS-275 on the in vitro radiosensitivity of the two human tumor cell lines DU145 (prostate carcinoma) and U251 (glioma) cells (12) . Exposure of DU145 and U251 cells to MS-275 before and after irradiation resulted in a significant increase in radiosensitivity, whereas exposure of cells to MS-275 only before or only after irradiation had essentially no effect. In these studies, HDAC inhibition was evaluated in terms of histone hyperacetylation. Maximal hyperacetylation was achieved by 24 to 48 hours of exposure; after removal of MS-275, the degree of acetylation rapidly decreased by 6 hours, approaching control levels by 16 hours. The failure of MS-275 administered only before or only after irradiation to significantly enhance radiosensitivity suggests that the hyperacetylation must be present at the time of and for at least 6 hours after radiation exposure. These data suggested a correlation between MS-275-induced histone hyperacetylation and the enhancement of radiosensitivity. Moreover, they suggested that histone acetylation could be used as a marker in the design of in vivo antitumor protocols combining MS-275 and radiation.

To further evaluate the antitumor potential of an MS-275/radiation combination, we have extended these in vitro results to an in vivo xenograft model. Mice bearing DU-145 tumors were exposed to an increasing number of MS-275 injections and the level of tumor histone acetylation determined. Radiation was then delivered in a single exposure at the time of maximum histone acetylation, which resulted in a significant enhancement in tumor response. Moreover, a similar histone hyperacetylation response was detected in lymphocytes, suggesting an approach for the rational design of a clinical protocol combining MS-275 and radiotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials.
DU145 a human prostate tumor cell line was obtained from American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, VA). Cells were grown in RPMI 1640 (Life Technologies, Inc., Rockville, MD) containing glutamate (5 mmol/L) and 5% FBS and maintained at 37°C in an atmosphere of 5% CO₂ and 95% room air. MS-275, provided by the Developmental Therapeutics Program of the National Cancer Institute, was dissolved in 5 mL of 0.5 N HCl, 45 mL of double-distilled water, and 500 µL of Tween 80 and stored at –20°C.

In vivo Tumor Model.
Four to 6-week-old male SCID mice (Fredrick Labs, Frederick, MD) were used in these studies. Mice were caged in groups of five or less, and all animals were fed a diet of animal chow and water ad libitum. For the in vivo passaging of tumors, animals with tumors 1000 mm³ were sacrificed and the skin overlying the tumor cleaned with betadine and ethanol. A single cell suspension of tumor cells in 0.9% normal saline was generated by passing viable tumor through a sieve and then through a series of sequentially smaller hypodermic needles (22 to 30 gauge) as reported previously (13) . Tumor cells (5 x 10⁶ cells) were injected s.c. into the right hind leg. Irradiation was performed using a Pantak (Solon, OH) irradiator with animals restrained in a custom jig. MS-275 or vehicle was delivered as i.p. injections twice daily in unanesthetized animals. All animal studies were conducted in accordance with the principles and procedures outlined in the NIH Guide for the Care and Use of Animals.

Tumor Growth Delay Assay.
Tumors were generated as described above for the in vivo growth delay analysis. When tumors grew to a mean volume of 500 mm³, the mice were randomized to vehicle alone (499 ± 82 mm³), MS-275 alone (505 ± 79 mm³), MS-275 plus radiation (507 ± 91 mm³), or RT alone (508 ± 98 mm³). The mice were given six injections (6 mg/kg) over 3 days, i.p. every 12 hours. After the fourth injection, the mice received a dose of 6 Gy to the tumor. To obtain a tumor growth curve, perpendicular diameter measurements of each tumor were measured every 3 days with a digital calipers, and volumes were calculated using a formula (L x W x W)/2. Tumors were followed until the group’s tumors reached a mean size of 1500 mm³. Specific tumor growth delay was calculated for each individual animal in a treatment group as the number of days for the mean of the treated tumors to grow to 1500 mm³ minus the number of days for the mean of the control group to reach the same size. SDs in days were calculated about the mean of the treated groups. Each experimental group contained eight mice.

Histone Acetylation Analysis.
The acetylation status of histone H4 was determined by immunoblot analysis. Fresh tumor tissue was used to generate a single cell suspension as described above, which was then centrifuged at 2000 x g for 10 minutes at 4°C. Cells were resuspended in lysis buffer containing Tris (0.02 mol/L, pH 7.4), 1% Triton X-100, 0.02% 2-mercaptoethanol, and 2 ng/mL aprotinin. Proteins were solubilized by sonication and 20 mg subjected to SDS-PAGE using Novex NuPage 4 to 12% gels and the NuPage MES buffer system according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen, San Diego, CA). After electrophoresis, the gel was electroblotted onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore, Bedford, MA). The nonspecific sites on the membrane were blocked at room temperature for 3 hours with 5% nonfat milk in Tris-buffered saline supplemented with 0.1% Tween 20 (TBS-T). Membranes were probed with antibodies to acetylated histone H4 (Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY) or actin (Chemicon International, Inc., Temecula, CA) diluted in blocking solution overnight at 4°C. Membranes were then washed three times in TBS-T and incubated with the appropriate FITC-conjugated secondary antibody at a 1:500 dilution in blocking solution for 1 hour at room temperature. Membranes were again washed three times in TBS-T and incubated with an anti-FITC alkaline phosphatase-conjugated antibody (1:1000) for 1 hour at room temperature. Enhanced chemiluminescence Western blotting detection reagents (Amersham/Pharmacia) were used to detect the alkaline phosphatase tertiary antibody. Visualization was performed using the Typhoon scanner (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, CA).

Tumor Biopsies.
Mice were anesthetized by inhaling isoflurane via a nose cone, and a 20-mg section of tumor was removed using a 14-gauge biopsy gun. The incision was sutured with 4-0 PDS and mice returned to their individual cages. The second biopsy was obtained, 6 hours after the sixth dose of drug, from the opposite side of the tumor followed by sacrificing of the mouse, after which, tissue from normal organs was obtained. Single cell suspensions were prepared from the ex vivo material as described above and immunoblot analysis preformed.

Lymphocyte Preparation.
Lymphocytes were harvested from whole blood, which was collected in tubes containing sodium citrate, from C57BL/6 mice. The whole blood was diluted with an equal volume of PBS, layered on lymphoprep reagent (Axis-Shield, Oslo, Norway) at a reagent to blood volume ratio of 1:2.5, and centrifuged at 800 x g at room temperature for 30 minutes. After centrifugation, the lymphocyte band was collected, washed three times with cold PBS, and prepared for immunoblot as above. Blood collected and pooled from five animals was the source for each lymphocyte sample.

Statistical Analysis.
A two-way ANOVA was performed on the square-root transformed tumor volumes because the variances and SDs were approximately equal between the groups. A statistically significant P was define as <0.05.

RESULTS

The human prostate carcinoma cell line DU145, grown as xenograft tumors in the hind leg of male SCID mice, was used as an in vivo model for these studies. Previously, we showed a correlation between the HDAC inhibitory action of MS-275 and enhanced tumor cell radiosensitivity in vitro (12) . Therefore, to rationally design an in vivo combination protocol, it was first necessary to determine the effects of MS-275 on the histone acetylation status of DU145 xenografts.

Animals were injected with MS-275 (12 mg/kg/day), a daily amount previously shown to induce a modest tumor growth delay in an Ewing’s sarcoma xenograft (14) , given as a 6 mg/kg/injection, at 12-hour intervals for up to 3 days. Mice were sacrificed daily 6 hours after two, four, or six injections, and the level of acetylated histone H4 in each of DU145 tumors determined by immunoblot analysis. The result from a representative experiment is shown in Fig. 1A . An increase in the level of acetylated histone H4 was detected after two injections of MS-275 with the maximum level achieved after 4–6 injections. Previous in vitro studies indicated that histone hyperacetylation decreased rapidly after the removal of MS-275. To determine whether a similar loss in histone hyperacetylation occurs in vivo, mice bearing DU145 tumors were injected twice daily for 3 days with MS-275 (six injections of 6 mg/kg delivered at 12-hour intervals) to induce maximum acetylation; tumors were then analyzed for histone H4 acetylation at 24 and 48 hours after the last injection (Fig. 1B) . Histone H4 hyperacetylation was significantly reduced by 24 hours after the last injection of MS-275 and returned to control levels by 48 hours. These data are consistent with the in vitro results in that there is a rapid loss of histone hyperacetylation after the cessation of MS-275 treatment.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 1. Effect of MS-275 treatment on histone acetylation status in DU145 xenografts. A. Tumor-bearing mice received injections of MS-275 at 6 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 hours for up to 3 days, and tumors were harvested 6 hours after two, four, and six injections, and immunoblot analysis of acetylated histone H4 was performed. B. Tumor-bearing mice received injections of MS-275 at 6 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 hours for 3 days (six injections), and tumors were then harvested 6 hours after the second, fourth, and sixth injections and 24 and 48 hours after the sixth injection, and immunoblot analysis of acetylated histone H4 was performed. Each blot is representative of two to three independent experiments with actin used as a loading control.

View larger version (34K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 2. Tumor histone acetylation status in serially biopsied MS-275–treated mice. Tumor-bearing animals were biopsied using a 14-gauge biopsy gun in a nonnecrotic portion of the tumor. The wound was stitched, and the animals received injections of six doses of MS-275, 6 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 hours. Six hours after the final injection, tumors were rebiopsied in the opposite side of the tumor, and immunoblot analysis of acetylated histone H4 was performed. Each blot is representative of an individual animal, and two independent experiments were performed.

View larger version (18K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 3. Tumor growth in mice treated with MS-275 and/or radiation plotted as the mean volume ± SD. When tumors reached 500 mm3 in size, mice were randomized into four groups: vehicle; MS-275; radiation (6 Gy); or MS-275 plus radiation. MS-275 was delivered as an i.p. injection, 6 mg/kg every 12 hours, beginning on the day of randomization. Radiation (6 Gy) was delivered 6 hours after the fourth injection of MS-275. Each group contained eight mice. The data shown are representative of two independent experiments. Vehicle refers to 0.5 N HCl/Tween 80 injections only.

View larger version (31K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 4. Lymphocyte histone acetylation status in MS-275–treated C57BL/6 mice. Animals were injected with six doses of MS-275, 6 mg/kg, i.p., every 12 hours. Six hours after the final injection, lymphocytes were prepared from whole blood samples isolated from vehicle and MS-275–treated mice and subjected to immunoblot analysis for acetylated histone H4. Individual samples were pooled from five animals. Each blot is representative of two independent experiments with actin from the liver samples used as a loading control.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window]   Fig. 5. Normal tissue histone H4 acetylation status in MS-275–treated SCID mice. Animals were injected with six doses of vehicle or MS-275 (6 mg/kg), i.p., every 12 hours. Six hours after the second, fourth, and sixth injection, 20 mg of fragments of liver and spleen were harvested, and subjected to immunoblot analysis. Each blot is representative of two independent experiments with actin from the liver sample used as a loading control.

Although the use of molecularly targeted agents has received considerable attention as a cancer treatment strategy, to date, most of these agents have been found to be primarily cytostatic when used against solid tumors (15 , 16) . However, in some cases, these agents are directed against molecules/targets that can also affect radiosensitivity, suggesting that advantages could be obtained through the combination with radiotherapy. One such class of agents is HDAC inhibitors. Sodium butyrate and trichostatin A, HDAC inhibitors, have been reported to enhance radiosensitivity in in vitro cell models, although a role of histone acetylation was not established for either compound. Importantly, because of pharmacokinetic parameters and/or toxicity, these agents are not readily applicable to in vivo treatment situations. Over the last several years, a number of clinically applicable HDAC inhibitors have been developed and evaluated in preclinical tumor models. One of these new HDAC inhibitors, the benzamide derivative, MS-275, has been shown to induce differentiation and apoptosis of leukemia cells (17) and to slow the in vivo growth of a number of human tumor xenografts (11 , 14 , 18) . We recently reported that MS-275 also enhances the in vitro radiosensitivity of cell lines initiated from solid human tumors and that this sensitization correlated with histone hyperacetylation. Recently, another clinically applicable HDAC inhibitor SAHA was reported to enhance the in vitro cytotoxicity induced by a number of DNA-damaging anticancer drugs (19) . Thus, it appears that HDAC inhibitors may have a general ability to enhance the cytotoxicity initiated by DNA damage. Whether the mechanisms involved in enhancing drug response and radioresponse are the same remains to be investigated.

To further evaluate the clinical potential of the MS-275/radiation combination, it was necessary to extend the in vitro observations to an in vivo human tumor xenograft model. Moreover, one of the putative advantages of the molecular targeting strategy is the existence of a marker indicative of drug action. Thus, in an attempt to reduce the empiricism involved in the design of combined modality protocols, in the studies described here, radiation was delivered at a time corresponding to MS-275-induced histone hyperacetylation, which is typically used as a marker for HDAC inhibition. Moreover, in vitro studies suggested that it was necessary to maintain histone hyperacetylation after irradiation to obtain the optimal sensitizing effect. The maximum histone acetylation in DU145 xenografts was achieved after four to six injections of MS-275; after the last injection of MS-275, histone acetylation rapidly decreased by 24 hours. These data then suggested that to increase tumor radiosensitivity radiation should be delivered after four doses of MS-275 and followed by the two additional injections. When MS-275 and radiation were combined in this manner, the result in tumor growth delay was greater than additive. Whether histone hyperacetylation plays a specific mechanistic role in radiosensitization remains to be determined. However, the in vivo results presented here combined with previous in vitro data suggest that tumor histone acetylation can be used as a marker for the radiosensitizing actions of MS-275, which would aid in the design of clinical combination protocols.

Because multiple tumor biopsies are not always feasible in patients, the availability of surrogate tissues for evaluating the effects of molecularly targeted agents would be of benefit. The data presented here indicate that the effects of MS-275 on histone acetylation in DU145 tumor xenografts correlated with the changes detected in liver, spleen, and lymphocytes. Clearly, sampling liver or spleen is not readily translated to a clinical situation. However, the potential of using lymphocytes as an indicator of the radiosensitizing effects of MS-275 or other HDAC inhibitor would be advantageous in the design of clinical combination protocols. Whereas the MS-275-induced histone hyperacetylation patterns in normal tissue may provide pertinent pharmacodynamic information, it also suggests the potential for enhanced radiation-induced normal tissue injury. However, previous results using in vitro systems have shown that, although HDAC inhibitors induce histone hyperacetylation in normal cells, the toxicity induced is considerably less than detected in tumor cells (20) . This suggests that, consistent with the differences in histone acetylation patterns between normal and tumor cells, the response of these cell types to changes in acetylation may also differ. At present, this clearly remains speculation and requires additional investigations into the mechanism of MS-275-induced radiosensitization, as well as additional in vivo studies specifically addressing normal tissue response.

The goal of this study was to extend previous in vitro findings of the enhancement of tumor cell radiosensitivity by MS-275 to an in vivo model and to determine whether histone hyperacetylation can be used in the design of the combined modality protocol. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report an increase in tumor radiosensitivity when combining an HDAC inhibitor and radiation in vivo. Moreover, either tumor or lymphocyte histone hyperacetylation status appears to be a marker for the effective combination.

FOOTNOTES

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Requests for reprints: Kevin Camphausen, Radiation Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3B69, Bethesda, MD 20892. Phone: (301) 496-5457; Fax: (301) 480-5439; E-mail: camphauk{at}mail.nih.gov

Received 3/19/04; revised 5/26/04; accepted 5/28/04.

REFERENCES

1. Johnstone R Histone-deacetylase inhibitors: novel drugs for the treatment of cancer. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2002;4:287-99.
2. Biade S, Stobbe C, Boyd J, Chapman J Chemical agents that promote chromatin compaction radiosensitize tumor cells. Int J Radiat Biol 2001;77:1033-42.[CrossRef][Medline]
3. Riggs M, Whittaker R, Neumann J, Ingram V n-Butyrate causes histone modification in HeLa and Friend erythroleulaemia cells. Nature (Lond.) 1977;268:462-4.[CrossRef][Medline]
4. Arundel C, Glicksman A, Leith J Enhancement of radiation injury in human colon tumor cells by the maturational agent sodium butyrate (NaB). Radiat Res 1985;104:443-8.[CrossRef][Medline]
5. Novogrodsky A, Dvir A, Ravid A, et al Effect of polar organic compounds on leukemic cells. Cancer (Phila.) 1983;51:9-14.
6. Miller A, Kurschel E, Osieka R, Schmidt C Clinical pharmacology of sodium butyrate in patients with acute leukemia. Eur Cancer Clin Oncol 1987;23:1283-7.
7. Perrine S, Ginder G, Faller D, et al A short-term trial of butyrate to stimulate fetal-globin-gene expression in the beta-globin disorders. N Engl J Med 1993;328:81-6.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Kruh J Effects of sodium butyrate, a new pharmacological agent, on cells in culture. Mol Cell Biochem 1982;5;42(2):65-82.
9. Jung M Inhibitors of histone deacetylase as new anticancer agents. Curr Med Chem 2001;8:1505-11.[Medline]
10. Blagosklonny M, Robey R, Sackett D, et al Histone deacetylase inhibitors all induce p21 but differentially cause tubulin acetylation, mitotic arrest, and cytotoxicity. Mol Cancer Ther 2002;1:937-41.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Saito A, Yamashita T, Mariko Y, et al A synthetic inhibitor of histone deacetylase, MS-27-275, with marked in vivo antitumor activity against human tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:4592-7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Camphausen K, Burgan W, Cerra M, et al Enhanced radiation-induced cell killing and prolongation of gamma-H2AX foci expression by the histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275. Cancer Res 2004;64:316-21.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. O’Reilly M, Holmgren L, Shing Y, et al Angiostatin: a novel angiogenesis inhibitor that mediates the suppression of metastases by Lewis lung carcinoma. Cell 1994;79:315-28.[CrossRef][Medline]
14. Jaboin J, Wild J, Hamidi H, et al MS-27-275, an inhibitor of histone deacetylase, has marked in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity against pediatric solid tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62:6108-15.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
15. Gelmon K, Eisenhauer E, Harris A, Ratain M, Workman P Anticancer agents targeting signaling molecules and cancer cell environment: challenges for drug development?. J Natl Cancer Inst (Bethesda) 1999;91:1281-7.[Free Full Text]
16. Korn E, Arbuck S, Pluda J, Simon R, Kaplan R, Christian M Clinical trial designs for cytostatic agents: are new approaches needed?. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:265-72.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
17. Rosato R, Almenara J, Grant S The histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 promotes differentiation or apoptosis in human leukemia cells through a process regulated by generation of reactive oxygen species and induction of p21CIP1/WAF1. Cancer Res 2003;63:3637-45.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18. Fournel M, Trachy-Bourget MC, Yan PT, et al Sulfonamide anilides, a novel class if histone deacetylase inhibitors, are antiproliferative against human tumors. Cancer Res 2002;62:4325-30.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
19. Kim M, Blake M, BAek J, Kohlhagen G, Pommier Y, Carrier F Inhibition of histone deacetylase increases cytotoxicity to anticancer drugs targeting DNA. Cancer Res 2003;63:7291-300.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Kelly W, O’Conner O, Marks P Histone deacetylase inhibitors: from targets to clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2002;11:1695-713.[CrossRef][Medline]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				C. L. Dalgard, K. R. Van Quill, and J. M. O'Brien Evaluation of the In vitro and In vivo Antitumor Activity of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors for the Therapy of Retinoblastoma Clin. Cancer Res., May 15, 2008; 14(10): 3113 - 3123. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				K. Camphausen and P. J. Tofilon Inhibition of Histone Deacetylation: A Strategy for Tumor Radiosensitization J. Clin. Oncol., September 10, 2007; 25(26): 4051 - 4056. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				N. Keshelava, E. Davicioni, Z. Wan, L. Ji, R. Sposto, T. J. Triche, and C. P. Reynolds Histone Deacetylase 1 Gene Expression and Sensitization of Multidrug-Resistant Neuroblastoma Cell Lines to Cytotoxic Agents by Depsipeptide J Natl Cancer Inst, July 18, 2007; 99(14): 1107 - 1119. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				D. L. Marrocco, W. D. Tilley, T. Bianco-Miotto, A. Evdokiou, H. I. Scher, R. A. Rifkind, P. A. Marks, V. M. Richon, and L. M. Butler Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (vorinostat) represses androgen receptor expression and acts synergistically with an androgen receptor antagonist to inhibit prostate cancer cell proliferation Mol. Cancer Ther., January 1, 2007; 6(1): 51 - 60. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				A. Munshi, T. Tanaka, M. L. Hobbs, S. L. Tucker, V. M. Richon, and R. E. Meyn Vorinostat, a histone deacetylase inhibitor, enhances the response of human tumor cells to ionizing radiation through prolongation of {gamma}-H2AX foci. Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2006; 5(8): 1967 - 1974. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. J. Buggy, Z. A. Cao, K. E. Bass, E. Verner, S. Balasubramanian, L. Liu, B. E. Schultz, P. R. Young, and S. A. Dalrymple CRA-024781: a novel synthetic inhibitor of histone deacetylase enzymes with antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo Mol. Cancer Ther., May 1, 2006; 5(5): 1309 - 1317. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				I. A. Kim, J. H. Shin, I. H. Kim, J. H. Kim, J. S. Kim, H. G. Wu, E. K. Chie, S. W. Ha, C. I. Park, and G. D. Kao Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Mediated Radiosensitization of Human Cancer Cells: Class Differences and the Potential Influence of p53 Clin. Cancer Res., February 1, 2006; 12(3): 940 - 949. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				J. F. Torres-Roca, S. Eschrich, H. Zhao, G. Bloom, J. Sung, S. McCarthy, A. B. Cantor, A. Scuto, C. Li, S. Zhang, et al. Prediction of Radiation Sensitivity Using a Gene Expression Classifier Cancer Res., August 15, 2005; 65(16): 7169 - 7176. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. V. Nome, A. Bratland, G. Harman, O. Fodstad, Y. Andersson, and A. H. Ree Cell cycle checkpoint signaling involved in histone deacetylase inhibition and radiation-induced cell death Mol. Cancer Ther., August 1, 2005; 4(8): 1231 - 1238. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Camphausen, K. Articles by Tofilon, P. J. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Camphausen, K. Articles by Tofilon, P. J.