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Molecular Oncology, Markers, Clinical Correlates |
1 Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo; Departments of 2 Molecular and Internal Medicine, 3 Molecular Pathology, and 4 Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima; 5 Department of Thoracic Surgery, Saitama Cancer Center, Saitama; and 6 Kanagawa Cancer Center Research Institute, Kanagawa, Japan
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Results: ADAM8 was abundantly expressed in the great majority of lung cancers examined. A high level of ADAM8 expression was significantly more common in advanced-stage IIIB/IV adenocarcinomas than in adenocarcinomas at stages I–IIIA. Serum levels of ADAM8 were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in healthy controls. The proportion of the serum ADAM8-positive cases defined by our criteria was 63% and that for carcinoembryonic antigen was 57%, indicating equivalent diagnostic power of these two markers. A combined assay using both ADAM8 and carcinoembryonic antigen increased sensitivity because 80% of the lung cancer patients were then diagnosed as positive, whereas only 11% of 72 healthy volunteers were falsely diagnosed as positive. In addition, exogenous expression of ADAM8 increased the migratory activity of mammalian cells, an indication that ADAM8 may play a significant role in progression of lung cancer.
Conclusions: Our data suggest that ADAM8 should be useful as a diagnostic marker and probably as a therapeutic target.
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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80% of those cases (1)
. Because the prognosis of advanced lung cancer remains poor, development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies is an urgent goal (2)
. Tumor markers that are currently available for lung cancer, such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), serum cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1), and progastrin-releasing peptide (pro-GRP), are not satisfactory for diagnosis at an early stage or for monitoring the disease because of their relatively low sensitivity and specificity in detecting the presence of cancer cells (3, 4, 5)
. Although the precise pathways involved in lung tumorigenesis remain unclear, some evidence indicates that tumor cells express cell surface markers unique to each histologic type at particular stages of differentiation. Because cell surface proteins are considered more accessible to immune mechanisms and drug delivery systems, identification of cancer-specific cell surface and secretory proteins is likely to be an effective approach to development of novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic strategies. We have been screening genes encoding transmembrane/secretory proteins that are up-regulated in lung cancers, with cDNA microarrays and tumor cells purified by laser-capture microdissection (6 , 7) . To verify the biological and clinicopathological significance of the respective gene products, we have been performing tumor tissue microarray analysis of clinical lung cancer materials. This systematic approach revealed that a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-8 (ADAM8), a cell surface disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain-8 molecule, was frequently transactivated in primary lung cancers.
ADAM family members are implicated to be involved in the proteolytic processing of membrane-bound precursors, and they modulate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. ADAM8 encodes a protein of 824 amino acids with a COOH-terminal transmembrane domain and potential extracellular adhesion and protease domains (8 , 9) . This molecule, localized to the plasma membrane, is processed by autocatalysis into two forms; one is derived by removal of a prodomain and the other is a remnant protein composed of the extracellular region with a disintegrin domain at the NH2 terminus (10) . ADAM8 behaves as an active metalloprotease in vitro, hydrolyzing myelin basic protein and a variety of peptide substrates based on the cleavage sites of membrane-bound cytokines, growth factors, and receptors (11, 12, 13, 14) . Other studies have demonstrated overexpression of some ADAM family proteins in a variety of human tumors (15 , 16) , but involvement of ADAM8 in human cancer was not indicated previously.
We report here the identification of ADAM8 as a novel diagnostic marker and a potential target for therapeutic agents/antibodies and also provide evidence for its possible role in human pulmonary carcinogenesis.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Surgically resected primary NSCLC samples had been obtained earlier with informed consent (6) . A total of 363 formalin-fixed primary tumors (206 adenocarcinomas, 118 squamous cell carcinomas, 25 large-cell carcinomas, and 14 SCLCs) and adjacent normal lung tissue samples from 336 patients undergoing surgery at Saitama Cancer Center (Saitama, Japan) and from postmortem materials (27 individuals) obtained from Hiroshima University (Hiroshima, Japan) were also used in this study.
Serum samples were obtained with informed consent from 72 healthy individuals as controls (40 males and 32 females; median age, 61.5 ± 9.1 SD; range, 42–89 years). The healthy individuals showed no abnormalities in complete blood cell counts, C-reactive proteins, erythrocyte sedimentation rates, liver function tests, renal function tests, urinalyses, fecal examinations, chest X-rays, or electrocardiograms. Serum samples were also obtained with informed consent from 105 lung cancer patients admitted to Hiroshima University Hospital (78 males and 27 females; median age, 68.0 ± 10.8 SD; range, 30–84 years). Samples were selected for the study on the basis of the following criteria: (a) patients were newly diagnosed and previously untreated and (b) their tumors were pathologically diagnosed as lung cancers (stages I–IV). These 105 cases included 62 adenocarcinomas, 25 squamous cell carcinomas, and 18 SCLCs. Clinicopathological records were fully documented. Serum was obtained at the time of diagnosis and stored at –80°C. Disease staging in all 105 cases was supported by a computed tomography scan of the chest and abdomen, bone scintigraphy, and magnetic resonance imaging of the head.
Semiquantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR Analysis.
Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells and clinical tissues with Trizol reagent (Life Technologies, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD), according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Extracted RNAs and normal human tissue polyA RNAs were treated with DNase I (Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland) and then reverse transcribed with oligo(dT)12–18 primer and SuperScript II reverse transcriptase (Life Technologies, Inc.). Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR experiments were carried out with synthesized ADAM8 gene-specific primers (5'-GTGTGTGTACGTGTCTCCAGGT-3' and 5'-CAGACAAGATAGCTGACTCTCCC-3'), or with ß-actin (ACTB)-specific primers (5'-ATCAAGATCATTGCTCCTCCT-3' and 5'-CTGCGCAAGTTAGGTTTTGT-3') as an internal control. All PCR reactions involved initial denaturation at 94°C for 2 minutes followed by 22 (for ACTB) or 28 cycles (for ADAM8) of 94°C 30 s, 54°C to 60°C for 30 seconds, and 72°C for 60 seconds on a GeneAmp PCR system 9700 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA).
Northern Blot Analysis.
Human multiple tissue blots (BD Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA) were hybridized with 32P-labeled PCR products. Prehybridization, hybridization, and washing were done according to the supplier’s recommendations. The blots were autoradiographed with intensifying screens at –80°C for 1 week.
Immunohistochemistry and Tissue Microarray.
Tumor tissue microarrays were constructed with 363 formalin-fixed primary lung cancers, as published previously (17, 18, 19)
. The tissue area for sampling was selected based on visual alignment with the corresponding H&E-stained section on a slide. Three, four, or five tissue cores (diameter, 0.6 mm; height, 3–4 mm) taken from a donor tumor block were placed into a recipient paraffin block with a tissue microarrayer (Beecher Instruments, Sun Prairie, WI). A core of normal tissue was punched from each case, and 5-µm sections of the resulting microarray block were used for immunohistochemical analysis.
Three independent investigators assessed ADAM8 positivity semiquantitatively, recording staining intensity as absent (scored as 0), weak (scored as 1+), or strongly positive (scored as 2+), without prior knowledge of clinicopathological data. Cases were accepted as strongly positive only if reviewers independently defined them as such. Contingency tables were used to analyze the relationship of ADAM8 expression in NSCLCs to clinicopathological data.
To investigate the presence of ADAM8 protein in clinical samples that had been embedded in paraffin blocks, we stained the sections in the following manner. Briefly, 50 µg/mL goat polyclonal antihuman ADAM8 antibody (R&D Systems, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) were added after blocking of endogenous peroxidase and proteins, and the sections were incubated with horseradish peroxidase-labeled antigoat IgG (Histofine Simple Stain MAX PO (G), Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan) as the secondary antibody. Substrate-chromogen was added, and the specimens were counterstained with hematoxylin.
Flow Cytometric Analysis.
Lung cancer cells (1 x 106 cells) were incubated with a mouse monoclonal antihuman ADAM8 antibody for detecting the ectodomain of the protein (0.34 mg/mL; R&D Systems, Inc.) or control mouse IgG (0.34 mg/mL; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Santa Cruz, CA) at 4°C for 1 hour. The cells were washed in PBS and then incubated with AlexaFluor 488-conjugated antimouse IgG (Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR) at 4°C for 30 minutes. The cells were washed in PBS and analyzed on a FACScan flow cytometer (Becton Dickinson Labware, Bedford, MA) and analyzed by ModFit software (Verity Software House, Inc., Topsham, ME). Mean fluorescence intensity was calculated as a relative signal-intensity value, i.e., of cells treated with antihuman ADAM8 antibody/cells treated with control mouse IgG.
ELISA.
Serum levels of ADAM8 were measured by ELISA using a commercially available enzyme test kit (R&D Systems, Inc.). In brief, 3-fold diluted sera were added to a 96-well microplate precoated with monoclonal antibody specific for ADAM8 and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. After washing away any unbound substances, an enzyme-linked polyclonal antibody specific for ADAM8 was added to the wells and incubated for 2 hours at room temperature. After a wash to remove any unbound antibody-enzyme reagent, a substrate solution (R&D Systems, Inc.) was added to the wells and allowed to react for 30 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 100 µL of 2 N sulfuric acid. Color intensity was determined by a photometer at a wavelength of 492 nm, with a reference wavelength of 630 nm. Levels of CEA in serum were measured by ELISA with a commercially available enzyme test kit (HOPE Laboratories, Belmont, CA), according to the same protocol as above. Differences in the levels of ADAM8 and CEA between tumor groups and a healthy control group were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U tests. The levels of ADAM8 and CEA were additionally evaluated by receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis to determine cutoff levels with optimal diagnostic accuracy and likelihood ratios. The correlation coefficients for these two markers were calculated with Pearson’s correlation coefficient. Significance was defined as P < 0.05.
Matrigel Invasion Assay.
NIH3T3 and COS-7 cells transfected either with plasmids expressing ADAM8 or with mock plasmids were grown to near confluence in DMEM containing 10% FCS. The cells were harvested by trypsinization, washed in DMEM without addition of serum or proteinase inhibitor, and suspended in DMEM at 1 x 105 cells/mL. Before preparing the cell suspension, the dried layer of Matrigel matrix (Becton Dickinson Labware) was rehydrated with DMEM for 2 hours at room temperature. DMEM (0.75 mL) containing 10% FCS was added to each lower chamber in 24-well Matrigel invasion chambers, and 0.5 mL (5 x 104 cells) of cell suspension were added to each insert of the upper chamber. The plates of inserts were incubated for 22 hours at 37°C. After incubation, the chambers were processed; cells invading through the Matrigel were fixed and stained by Giemsa as directed by the supplier (Becton Dickinson Labware).
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. Northern blot analysis with human cDNA as a probe detected a 3.5-kb transcript but at a very low level and only in leukocytes, lymph node, and bone marrow among 16 normal tissues examined (data not shown).
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. Positive staining was observed in 158 (77%) of 206 adenocarcinomas cases examined, 55 (47%) of 118 squamous cell carcinomas, 16 (64%) of 25 large-cell carcinomas, and 11 (79%) of 14 SCLCs, whereas no staining was observed in any of the normal portions of the same tissues. We classified a pattern of ADAM8 expression on the tissue array ranging from absent/weak (scored as 0 1+) to strong (scored as 2+). Expression levels of ADAM8 were not associated with any of the clinicopathological factors in squamous cell carcinomas. However in adenocarcinomas, strong ADAM8 staining was significantly more common in stages IIIB–IV tumors (22 of 60; 37%) than in stages I–IIIA tumors (34 of 146, 23%; P = 0.049; 
2 test). The sample sizes of large-cell carcinomas and SCLCs were too small to be evaluated additionally.
Secretion of ADAM8 in Lung Cancer Cells.
We then validated ADAM8 expression on the surfaces of lung cancer cells with flow cytometry and anti-ADAM8 monoclonal antibody. This analysis indicated that the antibody bound to NCI-H1373 and SK-MES-1 cells in which ADAM8 transcript had been detected at a high level but not to SBC-5 cells, which did not express ADAM8 (Fig. 2A)
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. The amounts of detectable ADAM8 in the culture media accorded well with the expression levels of ADAM8 on the cell surfaces detected with flow cytometric analysis.
Serum Levels of ADAM8 in Lung Cancer Patients.
Because the in vitro findings had suggested a possibility for development of a novel tumor maker for lung cancer, we investigated whether the extracellular domain of ADAM8 is secreted into sera of patients with lung cancer. ELISA experiments detected ADAM8 in serologic samples from lung cancer patients and also from normal individuals; serum levels of ADAM8 in lung cancer patients were 431 ± 249 pg/mL (mean ± SD) and those in healthy individuals were 267 ± 56 pg/mL. The difference was significant with P of <0.001 (Mann-Whitney U test). When classified according to histologic type, the serum levels of ADAM8 were 427 ± 286 pg/mL in adenocarcinomas patients, 467 ± 210 pg/mL in squamous cell carcinomas patients, and 400 ± 112 pg/mL in SCLC patients (Fig. 3A)
; the differences among the three histologic types were not significant. High levels of serum ADAM8 were detected even in patients with earlier-stage tumors (stages I–IIIA; Fig. 3B
). We also found no significant association between the serum ADAM8 level and age or gender (Table 1)
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. The sum of the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve for serum ADAM8 value was slightly larger than that for serum CEA, suggesting slightly better specificity and likelihood for ADAM8 as diagnostic marker for lung cancer. Cutoff levels in this assay were set to result in optimal diagnostic accuracy and likelihood ratios for ADAM8 and CEA, i.e., 379 pg/mL for ADAM8 and 5.3 ng/mL for CEA. As shown in Fig. 3D
, the correlation coefficient between serum ADAM8 and CEA values was not significant (Pearson’s correlation: r = 0.058, P = 0.56), indicating that measuring both markers in serum can improve overall sensitivity for detection of NSCLC to 80% (for diagnosing NSCLC, the sensitivity of CEA alone is 57% and that of ADAM8 is 63%.). False-positive results for either of the two tumor markers among 72 normal volunteers (control group) amounted to 11% (8 of 72), whereas the false-positive rates for CEA and ADAM8 in the same control group were 5.5% (4 of 72) each.
Activation of Cellular Migration/Invasive Activity by ADAM8.
ADAM8 protein contains conserved ectodomains that are considered important for cell adhesion and protease activities; other ADAM family members are known to be associated with cellular motility and invasion (9)
. Hence, we examined a possible role of ADAM8 in cellular motility and invasion in Matrigel assays, with NIH3T3 and COS-7 cells. As shown in Fig. 4
, transfection of ADAM8 cDNA into either cell line significantly enhanced its invasive activity through Matrigel, compared with cells transfected with mock vector.
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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ADAM8 protein is homologous to a snake disintegrin, Reprolysin (M12B), a zinc metalloprotease (9) . Members of the ADAM family are cell surface proteins with a unique structure combining potential adhesion and protease domains. A published report has suggested that the ADAM8 ectodomain is cleaved by ADAM8 itself (10) . Because various matrix metalloproteinases and ADAM family proteins had been described as being overexpressed in human cancers (23) , ADAM8 seemed likely to have a potential role in tumor development or progression. In this study, we demonstrated that induction of exogenous expression of ADAM8 enhanced the cellular migration/invasive activity of mammalian cells. Concordantly, the strong ADAM8 staining in primary NSCLC tissues detected by tissue microarray analyses correlated with disease progression; overexpression of ADAM8 protein was significantly more common in tumors from patients with locally advanced lung cancer (stage IIIB) or distant organ metastases (stage IV) than in those with earlier stage diseases (stages I–IIIA). The former patients are generally not candidates for curative resection (24) . Although the precise mechanism of ADAM8 in lung carcinogenesis is unknown and the processes of cancer-cell invasion to adjacent tissues and distant metastasis consist of a complex series of sequential step, these results indicate that ADAM8 expression and its cleavage could promote dissemination of tumors by stimulating cell migration. ADAM8 has been described as a shedding enzyme of the low-affinity IgE receptor CD23 (13) ; it also appears to play an important role in physiologic and pathological cell interactions by specifically releasing a functional form of a neural-cell adhesion molecule, a homologue of L1 (CHL1), from cell surfaces (14) . However, when we analyzed mRNA expression of ADAM8, CD23, and CHL1 in lung cancer cell lines and cancer tissues by semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR, no expression of CD23 was detectable in most of the lung cancer samples examined, and the expression pattern of CHL1 was not concordant with that of ADAM8 (data not shown). Additional studies to identify unknown substrates of ADAM8 in lung cancers may contribute not only to identification of novel tumor markers and therapeutic targets but also should yield new understanding of the signaling pathway mediated by ADAM8 expression.
We also found high levels of ADAM8 protein in serologic samples from lung cancer patients. Because most of the serum samples used for were derived from patients with advanced cancers (stages IIIB–IV), we evaluated ADAM8 as a tumor marker for early diagnosis of this disease. Tissue microarray analyses of NSCLCs at stages I–IV documented ADAM8 positivity even in early-stage tumors; ADAM8 staining was observed in 176 (64%) of 274 cases at stages I–IIIA, including 111 (76%) of 146 adenocarcinomas cases, whereas as mentioned above, strong ADAM8 staining was observed more frequently in adenocarcinomas cases at advanced stages IIIB–IV than in cases at stages I–IIIA. These results indicated that ADAM8 should be useful for diagnosis of even early-stage lung cancers and that the high level of ADAM8 expression could indicate increased malignant potential of ADAM8-positive tumors.
To validate the feasibility of applying ADMA8 as the diagnostic tool, we compared serum levels of ADAM8 with those of CEA, a conventional diagnostic marker for NSCLCs, in terms of sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis. The proportions of positive cases among the same serum samples were 57% for CEA and 63% for ADAM8, whereas the false-positive rate for ADAM8 (5.5%) was the same as that of CEA, indicating equivalent or better diagnostic power of ADAM8. Furthermore, an assay combining both markers increased the sensitivity such that 80% of the patients with lung cancer were diagnosed as positive, whereas 11% of 72 healthy volunteers were falsely diagnosed as positive. Although additional validation with a larger set of serum samples covering various clinical stages will be necessary, the data presented here sufficiently demonstrate a potential clinical application of ADAM8 itself as a serologic/histochemical marker for lung cancers. We should mention also that we observed activation of ADAM8 in nearly half of a group of pancreatic cancers, which have a significantly invasive phenotype (data not shown). This suggests that overexpression of ADAM8 might play a significant role in progression of pancreatic cancer and could warrant investigation of serum levels of ADAM8 in patients with other types of invasive cancer as well.
In conclusion, we have identified ADAM8 as a potential marker for diagnosis of lung cancers. This molecule is also a likely candidate for development of therapeutic approaches such as antibody therapy. ADAM8 was specifically overexpressed in most lung cancer tissues we examined and was elevated in the sera of a large proportion of patients with lung cancer. ADAM8, combined with other tumor markers, could significantly improve the sensitivity of lung cancer diagnosis.
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FOOTNOTES |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Requests for reprints: Yusuke Nakamura, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan. Phone: 81-3-5449-5372; Fax: 81-3-5449-5433; E-mail: yusuke{at}ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Received 7/21/04; revised 9/ 6/04; accepted 9/15/04.
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