This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Suzuki, T. Articles by Inoue, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Suzuki, T. Articles by Inoue, S.

Estrogen-Responsive Finger Protein as a New Potential Biomarker for Breast Cancer

Authors' Affiliations: Departments of ¹ Pathology and ² Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi-ken, Japan; ³ Department of Geriatric Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan; and ⁴ Research Center for Genomic Medicine and Department of Molecular Biology, Saitama Medical School, Yamane, Hidaka-shi, Saitama, Japan

Requests for reprints: Takashi Suzuki, Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan. Phone: 81-22-717-8050; Fax: 81-22-717-8051; E-mail: t-suzuki{at}patholo2.med.tohoku.ac.jp.

	Abstract

Top Abstract Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Purpose: Estrogen-responsive finger protein (Efp) is a member of RING finger-B box-Coiled Coil family and is also a downstream target of estrogen receptor . Previously, Efp was shown to mediate estrogen-induced cell growth, which suggests possible involvement in the development of human breast carcinomas. In this study, we examined expression of Efp in breast carcinoma tissues and correlated these findings with various clinicopathologic variables.

Experimental Design: Thirty frozen specimens of breast carcinomas were used for immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection/real-time PCR of Efp. Immunohistochemistry for Efp was also done in 151 breast carcinoma specimens fixed with formalin and embedded in paraffin wax.

Results: Efp immunoreactivity was detected in breast carcinoma cells and was significantly associated with the mRNA level (n = 30). Efp immunoreactivity was positively associated with lymph node status or estrogen receptor status and negatively correlated with histologic grade or 14-3-3 immunoreactivity (n = 151). Moreover, Efp immunoreactivity was significantly correlated with poor prognosis of breast cancer patients, and multivariate analyses of disease-free survival and overall survival for 151 breast cancer patients showed that Efp immunoreactivity was the independent marker.

Conclusions: Our data suggest that Efp immunoreactivity is a significant prognostic factor in breast cancer patients. These findings may account for an oncogenic role of Efp in the tumor progression of breast carcinoma.

Identification and functional studies of ER target molecules may provide a clue for understanding the mechanism that alters tumor phenotypes. We have previously isolated estrogen-responsive finger protein (Efp), which is a member of RING finger-B box-Coiled Coil family (3). Efp also is one of the downstream targets of ER (3–6). Efp-deficient mice displayed underdeveloped uteri and reduced estrogen responsiveness (7), and therefore, Efp is considered to be essential for estrogen-dependent proliferation. It has also been shown that Efp promotes the growth of breast tumor by functioning as a ubiquitin ligase (E3) that targets the negative cell cycle checkpoint 14-3-3 (8).

Expression of Efp was previously reported in breast carcinoma tissues at mRNA (5) and protein levels (9). However, information on the expression of Efp in human breast carcinoma tissues is still very limited, and the biological significance of Efp remains unclear at this juncture. Therefore, in this study, we examined expression of Efp in 30 cases of breast carcinoma tissues using immunohistochemistry and laser capture microdissection/real-time PCR. We subsequently examined immunolocalization of Efp in 151 cases of human breast carcinoma tissues and correlated these findings with various clinicopathologic factors including clinical outcome of the patients.

	Materials and Methods

Top Abstract Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Patients and tissues. Thirty specimens of invasive ductal carcinoma were obtained from patients who underwent mastectomy in 2001 in the Department of Surgery at Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. Specimens for RNA isolation were snap-frozen and stored at –80°C, and those for immunohistochemistry were fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin wax. Informed consent was obtained from all patients before their surgery and examination of specimens used in this study.

One hundred fifty-one specimens of invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast were obtained from female patients who underwent mastectomy from 1982 to 1989 in the Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan. All specimens were fixed with 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin wax, and snap-frozen tissues were not available for examination in these cases. These patients did not receive any preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well as any postoperative hormone therapy. Information on patient age, menopausal status, stage, tumor size at operation, lymph node status, histologic grade, and relapse and survival times was retrieved from the review of patient charts. The mean follow-up period was 105 months (3-157 months).

Research protocols for this study were approved by the Ethics Committee at Tohoku University School of Medicine.

Immunohistochemistry. Anti-human Efp antibody was generated as previously described (3). Polyclonal antibody for 14-3-3 (N-14) and monoclonal antibodies for ER (1D5), progesterone receptor (MAB429), Ki-67 (MIB-1), and p53 (DO7) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology (Santa Cruz, CA), Immunotech (Marseille, France), Chemicon (Temecula, CA), DAKO (Tokyo, Japan), and Novocastra Laboratories (Newcastle, United Kingdom), respectively. A Histofine Kit (Nichirei, Tokyo, Japan), which employs the streptavidin-biotin amplification method, was used for immunohistochemistry, and the antigen-antibody complex was visualized with 3.3'-diaminobenzidine solution [1 mmol/L 3,3'-diaminobenzidine, 50 mmol/L Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.6), and 0.006% H₂O₂]. For a negative control for Efp immunohistochemistry, an immunohistochemical preabsorption test was done.

Efp immunoreactivity was classified into three groups: ++, >50% positive carcinoma cells; +, 1% to 50% positive cells; and –, no immunoreactivity, according to a previous report (10). Immunoreactivity of ER, progesterone receptor, and Ki-67 was scored in more than 1,000 carcinoma cells for each case, and the percentage of immunoreactivity [i.e., labeling index (LI)] was determined. Cases that were found to have ER LI of more than 10% were considered ER-positive breast carcinomas (11).

Laser capture microdissection/real-time PCR. Laser capture microdissection was conducted using the Laser Scissors CRI-337 (Cell Robotics, Inc., Albuquerque, NM). A detailed procedure has been described previously (12, 13). Briefly, 1,000 carcinoma or intratumoral stromal cells were separately collected under the microscope from breast carcinoma frozen tissue sections embedded in Tissue-Tek O.T.C. The Light Cycler System (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) was used to semiquantify the level of Efp mRNA expression in this study. The primers used for real-time PCR were the following: Efp sense, 5'-CGTGGAGTGGTTCAACAC-3', and Efp antisense, 5'-GAGCAGATGGAGAGTGTGG-3'; glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase sense, 5'-TGAACGGGAAGCTCACTGG-3', and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase antisense, 5'-TCCACCACCCTGTTGCTGTA-3'. To verify amplification of the correct sequences, PCR products were purified and subjected to direct sequencing. Efp mRNA levels were normalized to those of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and subsequently, the fold change of Efp mRNA level in each sample was evaluated using the mRNA level in MCF7 cells as a positive control. Negative control experiments lacked cDNA substrate to check for the possibility of exogenous contaminant DNA, and no amplified products were detected under these conditions.

Statistical analyses. Statistical analyses were done using one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test or a cross-table using ² test. Overall and disease-free survival curves were generated according to the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical significance was calculated using log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate analyses were evaluated by a proportional hazard model (Cox) using PROC PHREG in our SAS software. Differences with P < 0.05 were considered significant.

	Results

Top Abstract Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
Expression of Efp in 30 breast cancer tissues: Immunohistochemistry. Efp immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of breast carcinoma cells, but not in intratumoral stromal cells (Fig. 1A and B). The number of cases expressing immunoreactive Efp in each group of 30 breast carcinoma tissues is summarized as follows: ++, n = 9 (30.0%); +, n = 13 (43.3%); and –, 17 (56.7%). Efp immunoreactivity was also positive in epithelial cells of morphologically normal mammary glands (Fig. 1C). Immunohistochemical preabsorption test for Efp showed no specific immunoreactivity in a negative control (Fig. 1D).

View larger version (131K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 1. Immunohistochemistry for Efp in breast carcinoma (invasive ductal carcinoma). A and B, Efp immunoreactivity was detected in the cytoplasm of the carcinoma cells (C), but not in intratumoral stromal cells (S). C, in morphologically normal mammary glands, Efp immunoreactivity was also detected in the epithelial cells. D, no significant immunoreactivity of Efp was detected in a section analyzed by immunohistochemical preabsorption test as a negative control. Same area as A. Bar, 100 µm.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 2. Laser capture microdissection/real-time PCR analysis for Efp in breast carcinoma tissues. A, expression for Efp mRNA (234 bp) was detected only in the component of breast carcinoma cells, whereas that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) mRNA (307 bp) was detected in both components of carcinoma cells and intratumoral stromal cells. Three cases are represented in this agarose gel photo. PCR was done for 40 cycles. P, positive control (MCF7 cells); N, negative control (no cDNA substrate). B, association between Efp immunoreactivity and Efp mRNA level in the carcinoma cell component in 30 breast carcinoma tissues. A significant positive correlation was detected (P = 0.0012, ++ versus + and ++ versus –, respectively). Expression level of Efp mRNA in the carcinoma cell component of each case was represented as a ratio of that of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and was subsequently evaluated as the ratio (%) compared with that of MCF7 cells.

View larger version (40K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 3. Disease-free (A and B) and overall (C and D) survival of 151 patients with breast carcinoma according to Efp immunoreactivity (Kaplan-Meier method). A, Efp immunoreactivity was significantly (P < 0.0001, log-rank test) associated with an increased risk of recurrence. B, association between Efp immunoreactivity and increased risk of recurrence was also detected in increased rankings of positivity for Efp immunoreactivity into five groups (0%, 1-25%, 26-50%, 51-75%, and 76-100% positive cells). C and D, Efp immunoreactivity was significantly (P < 0.0001, log-rank test) associated with worse overall survival when Efp immunoreactivity was classified into three (C) or five (D) groups.

View larger version (37K): [in this window] [in a new window] [Download PPT slide]   Fig. 4. Association between Efp immunoreactivity and disease-free (A and C) or overall (B and D) survival of 151 patients according to ER status (Kaplan-Meier method). Efp immunoreactivity was significantly associated with poor clinical outcome of 151 breast cancer patients regardless of ER status. Statistical association was evaluated by log-rank test.

	Discussion

Top Abstract Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

Efp is known as a downstream product of ER (3–7). Efp gene has an estrogen-responsive element at the 3'-untranslated region (3). The estrogen-responsive element of Efp responded to ER in transfected estrogen receptors in 293T cells (5), and Efp mRNA was rapidly induced by estrogen treatment within 0.5 hour in MCF7 cells (5). In this study, Efp immunoreactivity was significantly associated with ER status and ER LI in 151 breast carcinoma tissues. Therefore, it is suggestive that Efp is mainly produced in carcinoma cells through ER as a result of estrogenic action in breast carcinoma. On the other hand, we also found Efp immunoreactivity in 22 of 42 ER-negative breast carcinomas. It may be partly explained that Efp expression was induced by a low or undetectable level of ER in these cases. However, Ikeda et al. (14) analyzed human 5'-flanking region of human Efp gene, and reported the possible regulation of Efp promoter by multiple elements and/or interacting factors. Therefore, other factors rather than ER may be also involved in the expression of Efp in some breast carcinomas.

In our study, Efp immunoreactivity was significantly associated with an increased risk of recurrence or worse prognosis (P < 0.0001, respectively). Both univariate and multivariate analyses have shown that Efp immunoreactivity was a potent prognostic factor for both recurrence and overall survival in breast carcinomas, and that the effect is similar to that of lymph node status, a well-established diagnostic modality (15). Efp knockout mice showed a smaller increase in uterine weight and a lower cell cycle progression from G₀/G₁ to S phase compared with the wild-type (7), suggesting a pivotal role of Efp in ER-induced cell growth in the uterus. In addition, Urano et al. (8) showed that overexpression of Efp caused tumor cell growth in MCF7 breast cancer cells. Therefore, taken together with these previous reports and our present results, it is suggested that Efp plays an important role in the proliferation of breast carcinoma cells. It is well known that biologically active estrogen, estradiol, is locally produced in breast carcinoma tissues from circulating inactive steroids, and acts on these cells via ER (16). Therefore, residual cancer cells following surgical treatment in Efp-positive breast carcinomas may grow rapidly in the presence of local estrogens, thereby resulting in an increased recurrence and poor prognosis in these patients.

14-3-3 induces G₂ arrest and inhibits the progression of cell cycle (17) by sequestering the mitotic initiation complex Cdc2-cyclin B1 in the cytoplasm, blocking nuclear entry (18). Expression of 14-3-3 was examined by several groups in breast carcinoma tissues. However, results of these studies seem to be inconsistent. Ferguson et al. (19) reported that 14-3-3 mRNA was detected only in 3 of 48 (6.3%) breast carcinoma tissues by Northern blot analysis. Ferguson et al. (19) and Umbricht et al. (20) showed hypermethylation of CpG islands in the 14-3-3 gene in more than 90% of breast carcinomas, and postulated that loss of 14-3-3 expression was an early event in neoplastic transformation of the breast. Simooka et al. (21) detected 14-3-3 immunoreactivity in 23% of invasive ductal carcinomas and reported that loss of 14-3-3 expression was relatively low compared with the methylation status of 14-3-3 gene in breast carcinoma previously reported. On the other hand, Urano et al. (8) showed that 14-3-3 is a primary target for proteolysis by Efp, and 14-3-3 protein was regulated by Efp-mediated posttranslational modification. However, Moreira et al. (22) recently reported that expression level of 14-3-3 was similar in nonmalignant breast epithelial tissue and matched malignant tissue with only sporadic loss of expression observed in 3 of the 68 (4.4%) tumors examined. The lack of expression of 14-3-3 in the three breast carcinomas was not associated with increased expression of Efp, and they suggested that loss of expression of 14-3-3 protein was a sporadic event in the breast carcinoma (22). In our present study, immunoreactivity of 14-3-3 was detected in 58 of 151 (38.4%) breast carcinomas, and was inversely associated with Efp immunoreactivity. These results seem to support the down-regulation of 14-3-3 by methylation of the gene and/or proteolysis by Efp in breast carcinoma tissues; however, these are not necessarily consistent with the findings by Moreira et al. (22). Further examinations, including validation of the immunohistochemical results by another laboratories, are required to clarify the expression of 14-3-3 in breast carcinoma tissues.

In summary, Efp immunoreactivity was detected in carcinoma cells in 72.8% of breast cancer tissues, and it was associated with the mRNA level. Efp immunoreactivity was significantly associated with lymph node status or ER status, and was inversely correlated with histologic grade or 14-3-3 immunoreactivity. Moreover, Efp immunoreactivity was significantly associated with poor clinical outcome of the patients. These present results suggest that Efp is mainly involved in the estrogen-dependent growth of breast carcinomas, and Efp immunoreactivity is a potent prognostic factor in breast carcinoma patients.

	Acknowledgments

 
We appreciate the skillful technical assistance of Dr. Yasuhiro Miki (Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan) and Toshiki Hishinuma (Saitama Medical School, Hidaka, Japan). We thank Dr. Bruce Blumberg (Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA) for critical reading and comments on the manuscript.

	Footnotes

 
Grant support: Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare Japan, the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology Japan, the Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, and the Princess Takamatsu Cancer Research Fund (02-23402).

The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

Received 1/ 6/05; revised 6/ 9/05; accepted 6/28/05.

	References

Top Abstract Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 

1. Ali S, Coombes RC. Endocrine-responsive breast cancer and strategies for combating resistance. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:101–12.[CrossRef][Medline]
2. Jordan VC. Fourteenth Gaddum Memorial Lecture. A current view of tamoxifen for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Br J Pharmacol 1993;110:507–17.[Medline]
3. Inoue S, Orimo A, Hosoi T, et al. Genomic binding-site cloning reveals an estrogen-responsive gene that encodes a RING finger protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:11117–21.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
4. Orimo A, Inoue S, Ikeda K, Noji S, Muramatsu M. Molecular cloning, structure, and expression of mouse estrogen-responsive finger protein Efp. Co-localization with estrogen receptor mRNA in target organs. J Biol Chem 1995;270:24406–13.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
5. Ikeda K, Orimo A, Higashi Y, Muramatsu M, Inoue S. Efp as a primary estrogen-responsive gene in human breast cancer. FEBS Lett 2000;472:9–13.[CrossRef][Medline]
6. Muramatsu M, Inoue S. Estrogen receptors: how do they control reproductive and nonreproductive functions? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000;270:1–10.[CrossRef][Medline]
7. Orimo A, Inoue S, Minowa O, et al. Underdeveloped uterus and reduced estrogen responsiveness in mice with disruption of the estrogen-responsive finger protein gene, which is a direct target of estrogen receptor . Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999;96:12027–32.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
8. Urano T, Saito T, Tsukui T, et al. Efp targets 14-3-3 for proteolysis and promotes breast tumour growth. Nature 2002;417:871–5.[CrossRef][Medline]
9. Thomson SD, Ali S, Pickles L, et al. Analysis of estrogen-responsive finger protein expression in benign and malignant human breast. Int J Cancer 2001;91:152–8.[Medline]
10. Suzuki T, Nakata T, Miki Y, et al. Estrogen sulfotransferase and steroid sulfatase in human breast carcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63:2762–70.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
11. Allred DC, Harvey JM, Berardo M, Clark GM. Prognostic and predictive factors in breast cancer by immunohistochemical analysis. Mod Pathol 1998;11:155–68.[Medline]
12. Emmert-Buck MR, Bonner RF, Smith PD, et al. Laser capture microdissection. Science 1996;274:998–1001.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
13. Niino YS, Irie T, Takaishi M, et al. PKC II, a new isoform of protein kinase C specifically expressed in the seminiferous tubules of mouse testis. J Biol Chem 2001;276:36711–7.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Ikeda K, Inoue S, Orimo A, et al. Multiple regulatory elements and binding proteins of the 5'-flanking region of the human estrogen-responsive finger protein (efp) gene. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997;236:765–71.[CrossRef][Medline]
15. Dowlatshahi K, Fan M, Snider HC, Habib FA. Lymph node micrometastases from breast carcinoma: reviewing the dilemma. Cancer 1997;80:1188–97.[CrossRef][Medline]
16. Suzuki T, Moriya T, Ishida T, Ohuchi N, Sasano H. Intracrine mechanism of estrogen synthesis in breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2003;57:460–2.[CrossRef][Medline]
17. Hermeking H, Lengauer C, Polyak K, et al. 14-3-3 is a p53-regulated inhibitor of G₂/M progression. Mol Cell 1997;1:3–11.[CrossRef][Medline]
18. Chan TA, Hermeking H, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. 14-3-3 is required to prevent mitotic catastrophe after DNA damage. Nature 1999;401:616–20.[CrossRef][Medline]
19. Ferguson AT, Evron E, Umbricht CB, et al. High frequency of hypermethylation at the 14-3-3 locus leads to gene silencing in breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:6049–54.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
20. Umbricht CB, Evron E, Gabrielson E, Ferguson A, Marks J, Sukumar S. Hypermethylation of 14-3-3 (stratifin) is an early event in breast cancer. Oncogene 2001;20:3348–53.[CrossRef][Medline]
21. Simooka H, Oyama T, Sano T, Horiguchi J, Nakajima T. Immunohistochemical analysis of 14-3-3 and related proteins in hyperplastic and neoplastic breast lesions, with particular reference to early carcinogenesis. Pathol Int 2004;54:595–602.[CrossRef][Medline]
22. Moreira JM, Ohlsson G, Rank FE, Celis JE. Down-regulation of the tumor suppressor protein 14-3-3 is a sporadic event in cancer of the breast. Mol Cell Proteomics 2005;4:555–69.[Abstract/Free Full Text]

This article has been cited by other articles:

				K.-i. Takayama, S. Tsutsumi, T. Suzuki, K. Horie-Inoue, K. Ikeda, K. Kaneshiro, T. Fujimura, J. Kumagai, T. Urano, Y. Sakaki, et al. Amyloid Precursor Protein Is a Primary Androgen Target Gene That Promotes Prostate Cancer Growth Cancer Res., January 1, 2009; 69(1): 137 - 142. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				R. Shibuya, T. Suzuki, Y. Miki, K. Yoshida, T. Moriya, K. Ono, J.-i. Akahira, T. Ishida, H. Hirakawa, D. B Evans, et al. Intratumoral concentration of sex steroids and expression of sex steroid-producing enzymes in ductal carcinoma in situ of human breast Endocr. Relat. Cancer, March 1, 2008; 15(1): 113 - 124. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				T. Suzuki, A. Inoue, Y. Miki, T. Moriya, J.-i. Akahira, T. Ishida, H. Hirakawa, Y. Yamaguchi, S.-i. Hayashi, and H. Sasano Early growth responsive gene 3 in human breast carcinoma: a regulator of estrogen-meditated invasion and a potent prognostic factor Endocr. Relat. Cancer, June 1, 2007; 14(2): 279 - 292. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

				C. Chen, A. K. Seth, and A. E. Aplin Genetic and Expression Aberrations of E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Human Breast Cancer Mol. Cancer Res., October 1, 2006; 4(10): 695 - 707. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Citing Articles Citing Articles via HighWire Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Suzuki, T. Articles by Inoue, S. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Suzuki, T. Articles by Inoue, S.