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Imaging, Diagnosis, Prognosis |
Authors' Affiliations: 1 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Universitätsklinikum Ulm, Ulm, Germany; Institutes of 2 Pathology and 3 Biomathematics and Biometry, GSF-National Research Center for Environment and Health, Neuherberg, Germany; 4 Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany; and 5 Institute of Pathology, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Requests for reprints: Axel Walch, Institut für Pathologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany. Phone: 49-89-3187-2739; Fax: 49-89-3187-3349; E-mail: axel.walch{at}gsf.de.
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Abstract |
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Experimental Design: The mRNA expression levels of AURKA were compared in tumor tissues of 66 HNSCC patients with those in corresponding normal squamous epithelium by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. In addition, the association between AURKA mRNA and protein expression, centrosome abnormalities, and aneuploidy was studied in a subset of cases (n = 34). All molecular variables were correlated to histomorphologic findings and clinical follow-up data of the patients.
Results: AURKA mRNA up-regulation was significantly associated with tumor stage and the occurrence of regional lymph node, as well as distant metastasis (P < 0.0001 for all). Similarly, a correlation was found for protein expression and the occurrence of regional lymph node (P = 0.0183) and distant metastasis (P = 0.03). The mRNA was positively associated with protein expression (P = 0.003) and centrosome abnormalities (P = 0.03). Cox regression analysis revealed that AURKA mRNA up-regulation correlated with disease-free survival of the patients (P = 0.03) as well as shorter overall survival (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: We conclude that the up-regulation of AURKA mRNA may play a critical role in the tumor progression of HNSCC and provides useful information as a prognostic factor for HNSCC patients.
DNA gains on chromosome 20q are recurrent findings in HNSCC (2, 3) and are associated with lymph node metastasis, as recently shown by array-based comparative genomic hybridization (4). Aurora kinase A (AURKA/BTAK/AIK1/STK15) maps close to the critical region of this DNA gain and is localized on 20q13.2 (5). AURKA is a member of the Aurora/Ipl1p family of cell cycle–regulating serine/threonine kinases and is localized at interphase and mitotic centrosomes and at the spindle poles where it regulates proper chromosome segregation and cytokinesis (6). Recent studies have shown that the ectopic expression of Aurora-A in mouse NIH 3T3 cells and Rat-1 fibroblasts causes centrosome amplification and transformation in vitro as well as tumorigenesis in vivo (7, 8). Furthermore, the up-regulation of AURKA leads to abnormal centrosome numbers and the induction of aneuploidy (7, 9), which is a very frequent event in HNSCC, found in up to 90% (10). A correlation between the up-regulation of AURKA and clinical aggressiveness has been described for several cancers (11–19).
In the current study, we determined AURKA mRNA expression by real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR in 66 primary HNSCC and associated nonneoplastic squamous epithelium. In addition, we examined whether there is an association of AURKA mRNA overexpression with abnormal protein expression, centrosome abnormalities, and chromosomal aneusomy by immunostaining and fluorescence in situ hybridization experiments in HNSCC. All molecular variables were then correlated to histomorphologic findings and clinical follow-up data of the patients to explore the role of AURKA as a prognostic factor in HNSCC.
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Materials and Methods |
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Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR. Target cDNA sequences were amplified by quantitative PCR using a fluorescence-based real-time detection method [ABI Prism 7700 Sequence Detection System (TaqMan), Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA] as previously described (21–23). Primers and probes for AURKA (24) and the reference gene TATA-box binding protein (TBP; refs. 21, 25) were intron-spanning and used according to standard procedures. Sequences were as follows: AURKA, forward 5'-gctggagagcttaaaattgcag, reverse 5'-ttttgtaggtctcttggtatgtg and Probe 5'-ctccatcttccaggaggaccactctctg; TBP, forward 5'-gcccgaaacgccgaatat, reverse 5'-ccgtggttcgtggctctct; and probe, 5'-atcccaagcggtttgctgcgg. In brief, the 25-µL PCR reaction mixture contained 600 nmol/L of each primer and probe; 200 nmol/L each of dATP, dCTP, and dGTP; 400 µmol/L dUTP; 5.5 mmol/L MgCl2; and 1x TaqMan buffer A containing a reference dye (all reagents were supplied by Applied Biosystems, Weiterstadt, Germany). PCR conditions were 50°C for 10 seconds and 95°C for 10 minutes followed by 42 cycles at 95°C for 15 seconds and 60°C for 1 minute. For each sample, quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR data are expressed as a normalized value of AURKA mRNA expression with respect to the mRNA expression of the internal reference gene TBP.
Tissue microarrays and in situ variable analyses (AURKA protein expression, centrosome abnormalities, and chromosomal aneusomy). For in situ variable analyses, a preexisting HNSCC tissue microarray was used, containing tumor tissues and nonneoplastic squamous epithelium from a subset of patients (34 from 66) already analyzed for AURKA mRNA expression. The tissue microarray was sectioned, placed on coated glass slides, and deparaffinized for the subsequent procedures. The thickness of the sections depended on the respective method (7 µm for immunohistochemistry and 15 µm for indirect immunofluorescence and fluorescence in situ hybridization).
Immunohistochemistry for evaluation of AURKA protein expression. Antigen retrieval was done in a pressure cooker with Tris-EDTA buffer (pH 9.0). All subsequent stainings were done on a Dako Autostainer (DakoCytomation, Glostrup, Denmark). Incubation time with primary antibody (1:50; Aurora kinase 2, clone JLM28, mouse; Novocastra, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom) was 60 minutes, followed by secondary antibody and detection using the ChemMate Alkaline Phosphatase/RED System (DakoCytomation). According to previously published criteria, cytoplasmatic (14, 18, 26) and/or nuclear (11) immunoreactivity of AURKA was evaluated in three tumor areas of each case. Immunoreactivity was scored into four groups according to the percentage and intensity of cytoplasmatic and/or nuclear staining of the positively stained tumor cells. Specimens with >30% of cells stained were scored as strongly positive (3+), those with 10% to 30% of cells stained were scored as moderately positive (2+), and those with <10% cells stained were scored as weakly positive (1+). Specimens with no staining were scored as negative.
Indirect immunofluorescence for evaluation of centrosome abnormalities. Numerical and structural centrosome abnormalities were analyzed as recently described (27, 28). Briefly, the sections were incubated with a primary mouse anti–
-tubulin antibody (1:100; clone GTU-88, Sigma, Taufkirchen, Germany), followed by incubation with a FITC-labeled goat anti-mouse immunoglobulin G (1:200; Dianova, Hamburg, Germany). Finally, nuclei were counterstained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-2-hydrochloride. For data collection, three microscopic areas were selected and three-dimensional image stacks with a distance of 0.5 µm in the z axis were acquired using a confocal laser scanning microscope (Zeiss LSM 510 Meta, PlanNeofluar 63x/1.2 numerical aperture water objective, Carl Zeiss Jena, Jena, Germany). Image stacks were converted into a projection image of all recorded slices and were analyzed semiautomatically with respect to the number of cells, size, and number of -tubulin signals as previously published (27). Inclusion of controls in the form of nonneoplastic squamous epithelium and lymphocytes allowed the identification of structural and numerical abnormalities in centrosomes in the cancer tissue specimens. Centrosomes were considered structurally abnormal when they were at least twice the size of those seen in control cells. More than two centrosomes in number were recorded as representing numerical abnormality in the specimens analyzed. A case was classified as abnormal for centrosomes if there were numerical and/or structural abnormalities present. The total number of analyzed cells was between 100 and 150 cells per case.
Fluorescence in situ hybridization for evaluation of chromosomal aneusomy. Tissue pretreatment and fluorescence in situ hybridization were done with 
-satellite repeat sequence DNA probes for chromosomes 9, 15, and 20 (Chrombios GmbH, Raubling, Germany) based on a protocol previously published by our group (22, 29). The selection of chromosomes was based on a recent publication describing chromosomal instability in oral squamous cell carcinoma (30). Fluorescence images of fluorescence in situ hybridization–labeled nuclei from tissue cells were acquired with a Zeiss Axioplan2 imaging microscope (Carl Zeiss Jena) equipped with a PlanApochromat 63x/1.4 numerical aperture oil objective lens and appropriate filter settings. For signal evaluation, optical sectioning through the specimen was done by using the recently developed ApoTome (Carl Zeiss Jena), which was implemented into the microscopic setup. To ensure a representative sample, the hybridization signals for chromosomes 9, 15, and 20 were counted in 100 to 150 interphase nuclei from at least three separate areas of the tumor selected for well-preserved nuclear morphology. Only fluorescence signals on complete nuclei were numbered whereas truncated cells were excluded from the count. Aneusomy was defined in the present study by the presence of at least 25% of nuclei having a number of centromeric signals for at least one chromosome different from two signals corresponding to disomy. The threshold value of 25% was in keeping with that of previous publications (28, 31).
Statistical analysis. AURKA expression levels (mRNA and protein), centrosome abnormalities, and chromosomal aneusomy were compared between various groups by ANOVA and in two class cases by t test. Survival analysis was done for all patients, except those with carcinoma in situ (n = 4). Disease-free survival was censored for patients who died without active disease. Overall survival was calculated from the date of surgical resection until the date of death or last follow-up. The significance of AURKA mRNA for predicting disease-free survival or the overall survival time of the patients was determined by stepwise Cox regression analysis (The SAS System, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). The cutpoints for AURKA mRNA (1.5, 4.1) were chosen in the model 25%, 50%, and 25% of the patients and the cutpoint 2.7 for disease-free survival in the model 50%, 50% to show the results in Kaplan-Meier survival estimates. The significance was set at 95% level.
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Results |
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AURKA mRNA and protein expression and clinicopathologic characteristics. Reproducible quantitative reverse transcriptase-PCR results were obtained in all samples. The overall frequency and results from univariate statistical analyses are summarized in Table 1. The mean AURKA mRNA expression was 3.05 ± 1.78 (range, 0.56-8.8). AURKA mRNA up-regulation was strongly correlated with tumor and nodal classification, tumor stage, as well as distant metastasis (P < 0.0001; Fig. 1 ). A lower correlation was found for histologic tumor grade (P = 0.0121). No statistically significant correlation was found for sex of the patient (P = 0.56) and for the site of primary tumor (P = 0.74).
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-tubulin. As compared with normal tissues, markedly larger and disoriented centrosomes were observed in HNSCC (Fig. 2C). Moreover, an elevated number of centrosomes was detected (Fig. 2D). As described in Materials and Methods, centrosome abnormalities were detected in 18 samples whereas the remaining tumor samples did not show detectable changes. Chromosomal aneusomy. From 34 tumor samples, 32 were analyzable for chromosomes 9, 15, and 20. More than two copies for chromosome 9 were found in 21 cases, for chromosome 15 in 28 cases, and for chromosome 20 in 22 cases. Each case showed more than two copies for at least one of the chromosomes investigated. Thus, all samples analyzed showed chromosomal aneusomy.
Relationship between AURKA mRNA expression and protein expression, centrosome abnormalities, and chromosomal aneusomy. There was a correlation between AURKA mRNA and protein expression (P = 0.003). Moreover, we found a correlation between mRNA expression and centrosome abnormalities (P = 0.03). No correlation could be found for AURKA mRNA or protein expression and the presence of chromosomal aneusomy.
Association between disease-free survival, overall survival, and AURKA mRNA expression, protein expression, centrosome abnormalities, and chromosomal aneusomy. The mean overall survival was 53.0 ± 26.7 months with a median follow-up period of 60 months. The follow-up time of the patients ranged from 12 to 84 months. Twenty-six patients died due to this cancer (range, 5-67 months). To test the significance of AURKA mRNA and clinical data for predicting the overall survival time of the patients, stepwise Cox regression analysis was applied. Except for the tumor grading, all available clinicopathologic variables and AURKA mRNA were univariately significant. Stage and AURKA mRNA had comparable 
2 values with P < 0.001. Due to the high correlation of the variables, no second variable could be selected for multiple regressions. In Fig. 3A
, three Kaplan-Meier survival curves for AURKA mRNA are plotted to show the result. The cutpoints for AURKA mRNA (1.5, 4.1) were chosen in the model 25%, 50%, and 25% of the patients. AURKA mRNA up-regulation correlated with shorter overall survival of the patients (third curve). Fourteen patients had a recurrence within 3 to 56 months. Two Kaplan-Meier disease-free survival estimates are shown in Fig. 3B with a cutpoint at 2.7 of AURKA mRNA, which are significantly different for P = 0.03. High expression levels of AURKA mRNA were also associated with shorter disease-free survival. There was no correlation between disease-free survival, overall survival, and AURKA protein expression, centrosome abnormalities, or chromosomal aneusomy.
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Discussion |
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Recent studies have described a correlation between the up-regulation of AURKA and tumor progression and clinical aggressiveness in several cancer types (11–19), which could be also shown in our series of HNSCC patients. There are a range of mechanisms by which AURKA overexpression in cancers might play a role in promoting tumor progression. Increases in AURKA levels through gene amplification, transcriptional up-regulation, or protein stabilization induce abnormal spindle formation and cytokinesis failure (6). As an important kinase and cell cycle regulator, AURKA has been shown to interact with many important cellular proteins, including p53 and BRCA1 (32, 33), and disrupt or alter their physiologic functions. In cells with impairments in the p53-RB pathway, tetraploid cells tend to have centrosome amplification, which induces chromosome instability (7, 9). Furthermore, the DNA damage–induced G2 checkpoint is impaired in AURKA-overexpressing cells, which also contributes to genomic instability (6). Nevertheless, the interrelationship between all these pathways as well as a well-defined causative role of AURKA in tumor progression is, however, still unclear.
AURKA up-regulation and a metastatic phenotype were identified as being significantly associated in our study (Fig. 1). In their previous report, Tong et al. (15) examined the association between AURKA expression and cell migration in 12 human esophageal squamous cancer cell lines. They found that disruption of endogenous AURKA using small interfering RNA technique substantially suppressed cell migration ability. Because tumor cell invasion and migration are essential prerequisites for the metastatic process, these findings suggest a role of AURKA in esophageal squamous cancer as well as in squamous cell cancer of head and neck. Interestingly, also a functional AURKA Phe31Ile polymorphism is associated with advanced disease status and metastastic process of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (34). Thus, not only the up-regulation of AURKA but also the change in AURKA polymorphism may affect the invasiveness and metastatic properties of tumor cells in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, AURKA polymorphisms have been reported in multiple cancer types (35–37). These results further support our conclusion that AURKA abnormalities may contribute to tumor progression and clinical aggressiveness also in HNSCC.
Because of the preponderance of chromosomal abnormalities and aneuploidy in HNSCC (1, 10), the contribution to this phenotype made by genes involved in chromosome segregation and regulation of centrosome function and cytokinesis, such as AURKA, can be postulated. In our series of HNSCC, there was a correlation between abnormal AURKA mRNA expression and centrosome abnormalities, similarly as previously described in breast cancer (18). In contrast to this study, we could not find an association between AURKA expression and chromosomal aneusomy.
With regard to the correlation between AURKA mRNA expression and the prognosis of HNSCC, the disease-free survival and overall survival rates of patients with AURKA-positive tumors were significantly lower than those of patients with AURKA-negative tumors (Fig. 3A and B). Thus, an AURKA-positive status is a prognostic factor, implying that the elevated expression of AURKA mRNA may be an indicator of the patient's prognosis. Recent reports showed that the up-regulation of AURKA results in resistance to apoptosis induced by paclitaxel in a human cancer cell line (38, 39). Hata et al. (40) found that the specific knockdown of AURKA in cultured pancreatic cancer cells strongly suppressed in vitro cell growth and in vivo tumorigenicity. The knockdown induced the accumulation of cells in the G2-M phase and eventual apoptosis. Furthermore, these authors observed a synergistic enhancement of the cytotoxicity of taxanes, a group of chemotherapeutic agents impairing G2-M transition, by the RNA interference–mediated knockdown of AURKA (40). This raises the possibility that AURKA inhibition may provide for a new approach for the treatment of multiple human malignancies (41).
In conclusion, our findings suggest that AURKA up-regulation (mRNA and protein) is a common abnormality in HNSCC and may play a role in its progression. We showed that AURKA mRNA overexpression is correlated with tumor progression, a metastatic phenotype, and shortened survival. Thus, AURKA may be useful as a prognostic factor for HNSCC patients. Future studies on the physiologic targets of AURKA and its potential role in the pathogenesis of HNSCC will be helpful for finding a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of HNSCC.
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Acknowledgments |
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Footnotes |
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The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.
Received 8/ 4/05; revised 3/ 7/06; accepted 3/24/06.
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