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Imaging, Diagnosis, Prognosis |
Authors' Affiliations: 1 Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg; Departments of 2 Radiology and 3 Physics in Radiology and 4 Central Unit of Biostatistics, German Cancer Research Center, 5 National Center of Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg, Germany; and 6 Department of Clinical Radiology, University Hospital of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
Requests for reprints: Jens Hillengass, Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Rheumatology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Phone: 1149-6221-56-8001; Fax: 11-01149-6221-56-5908; E-mail: Jens.Hillengass{at}med.uni-heidelberg.de.
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Abstract |
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Experimental Design: Between 1999 and 2001, 65 patients with progressive or relapse of multiple myeloma requiring therapy were investigated with DCE-MRI of the lumbar spine before start of therapy. The contrast uptake was quantified using a two-compartment model with the output variables amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep reflecting bone marrow microcirculation. The estimated median follow-up was 56 months. Event-free survival and overall survival were investigated for DCE-MRI variables and for established prognosis variables (ß2-microglobulin, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, and age).
Results: Using a multivariate Cox regression model, ß2-microglobulin and amplitude A of DCE-MRI were identified as statistically significant prognostic variable of event-free survival with Ps of 0.01 and 0.02, respectively. A statistical correlation of DCE-MRI variables with overall survival could not be found. The multivariate analysis of ß2-microglobulin, age, lactate dehydrogenase, and albumin revealed ß2-microglobulin as statistically significant prognostic factor for overall survival in this group of patients (P < 0.001).
Conclusions: This analysis identifies contrast-enhanced DCE-MRI variable amplitude A reflecting increased bone marrow microcirculation and angiogenesis as a novel and possibly useful prognostic factor in patients with multiple myeloma. Prospective studies are currently done to further investigate this functional variable for prognosis and stratification of myeloma patients.
Immunohistologic evaluation is considered as "gold standard" for the detection and quantification of angiogenesis but has several limitations because it does not reflect blood vessel permeability and is associated with a considerable sampling error. For the regular clinical situation, histologic evaluation can only be done from distinct anatomic areas (e.g., pelvis) and can not be repeated without clear clinical indication. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a noninvasive technique for the detection of microcirculation in malignant tissues. By this method, changes of contrast enhancement are measured over a time period and described by a signal intensity-time curve. During the last decade, this method has been used with different technical approaches to characterize malignant solid tumors and to monitor their therapeutic response (8–13). In recent years, DCE-MRI has also become more important for investigation of bone marrow in patients with multiple myeloma (14, 15). In contrast to solid tumors, initial classification and prognostic assessment as well as therapeutic response of multiple myeloma cannot be based on the measurement of the tumor size. Therefore, additional radiological information has to be taken into account (e.g., the functional information obtained by DCE-MRI). A DCE-MRI protocol with high temporal resolution, as we used in our study, enables a quantification of signal intensity-time curves and the calculation of microcirculation variables. These variables are color coded and superimposed onto conventional magnetic resonance images to combine morphologic and functional information. This special procedure of DCE-MRI has already been described and applied in previous studies. The two DCE-MRI–derived microcirculation variables amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep reflect the degree of change in microcirculation (8–12, 14, 16, 17). These variables are significantly increased in patients with multiple myeloma compared with healthy controls and correlate with osteolytic bone involvement (14, 17). Increased angiogenesis and the degree of myeloma bone marrow infiltration as determined by histologic assessment of bone marrow biopsies are significantly correlated with an increased amplitude A of DCE-MRI (17, 18). Furthermore, amplitude A was found to be predictive for local complications as vertebral collapse by Scherer et al. (18).
This is the first analysis investigating the prognostic relevance of DCE-MRI microcirculation variables for event-free survival and overall survival of patients with progressive multiple myeloma.
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Materials and Methods |
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Twenty-four patients (37% of patients) were treated with a combination therapy of oral thalidomide (up to 400 mg), oral dexamethasone (40 mg, days 1-4), i.v. cyclophosphamide (400 mg/kg/body weight), and i.v. etoposide (40 mg/kg/body weight) of a 28- to 35-day cycle as reported previously (21).
Depending on the outcome of thalidomide or thalidomide/cyclophosphamide/etoposide/dexamethasone chemotherapy, further treatment was done in case of relapse at the discretion of the responsible physicians.
The control group consisted of two different parts. The details about these groups have been introduced in previous studies. (a) Lumbar spine of healthy volunteers (n = 16/10; median age, 54/35 years; refs. 14, 19). (b) Pelvic bone of multiple myeloma patients, whose bone marrow biopsies were free of pathologic plasma cell infiltration (n = 8; mean age, 56 years; ref. 17).
Overall survival and event-free survival were updated for all patients in February 2005. The reference date for survival was the date of DCE-MRI. The cutoff for survival information was December 31, 2004. The estimated median follow-up calculated from time point of MRI was 56 months (95% confidence interval, 50-62 months). Patients with irradiation of the lumbar spine were excluded from the study.
DCE-MRI protocol. The principles of the DCE-MRI protocol and the post-processing have been described previously (8, 16, 22). All examinations were done on a 1.5-T Tomograph (Vision, Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a spine coil. First, the lower spinal column from the 12th thoracic vertebra to the sacrum was examined with a sagittal STIR, T2w flash 2D, and T1wSE. The following DCE-MRI of the same region consisted in a Saturation-recovery-Turbo FLASH-Sequence (TR/TE: 7.0/3.9 ms, flip angle: 15 degrees, Trec = 250 ms, matrix: 256 x 128, interpolated to 256 x 256, slice thickness: 5 mm) in sagittal orientation. The total measurement time of DCE-MRI was 5.5 min, consisting in 22 acquisitions of image stacks of 15 images each, with a resulting cycle time of 15.21 s. The head-feet directed field of view routinely covered the lumbar spine, including the lower thoracic spine up to Th10 without regard to any seen lesions on T1 or T2w images.
The effect of operator dependency on injection times was reduced by a short constant rate infusion using a variable-speed infusion pump (Tomojet, Bruker, Basel, Switzerland). As contrast medium, 0.1 mmol/kg gadolinium-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (Magnevist, Schering, Berlin, Germany) was injected over 30 s, starting with the second measurement. At the end of the examination, another sagittal T1wSE sequence followed.
Data of DCE-MRI were analyzed on a Vax Alpha 3000/500 workstation (DEC, Maynard, MA) with a self-developed software by Hoffmann et al. (8).
In each pixel, the detected signal intensity-time course was overlaid by a graph, which calculation was based on the so-called two-compartment model proposed by Brix et al. (22). The signal-time curve was fitted by using a "Levenberg-Marquart" algorithm. The model assumes a constant infusion rate of the contrast medium into a central (intravascular) compartment and an exchange of the contrast medium between the central and another, peripheral (extravascular, extracellular) compartment.
The tissue-specific information contained in DCE-MRI–based signal intensity-time courses is described by two relevant model variables: amplitude A (a.U.), which is proportional to the relative signal enhancement, and the exchange rate constant kep (min–1) reflecting the contrast agent transit between the extravascular and intravascular compartment. Using a two-parametric 16-color map (Fig. 1 ) encoding for both variables amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep, each pixel was assigned a color, and the resulting color map was overlaid on the morphologic magnetic resonance images.
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Subsequently, a systematic analysis of a manually drawn region of interest (ROI) was carried out. For this ROI, the software automatically calculated mean signal intensities on single images and then created curves where the mean signal intensity in the ROI was plotted over time; amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep were calculated for this curve. The ROI was inserted depending on the pattern (see below) of the DCE-MR image. In patients showing a "diffuse" or "normal" pattern, two vertebra were analyzed. In those cases, the ROI included nearly the complete anatomic vertebra, excluding the endplates and the basis of the vertebral vein plexus. The ROIs were positioned in the midline at the center of the coil. In patients with a "focal" pattern, two reference lesions were selected for ROI analysis; the ROI was covering the whole lesion. In "mixed" patterns, only the focal lesions were investigated.
Statistical analysis. In this study, two pairs of values for amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep out of two ROIs of the lumbar spine were detected as explained above. The calculation was done for the mean value of each variable.
To examine the prognostic value of the variables amplitude A and exchange rate constant kep of DCE-MRI, we used the proportional hazards model as proposed by Cox (26).
The effects of the DCE-MRI variables, taking into account the established clinical prognostic factors ß2-microglobulin, albumin, lactate dehydrogenase, age, and duration of disease, were analyzed by using a backward selection as proposed by Lawless and Singhal (27) for the search for a model and bootstrap resampling using 200 samples for validation of the model. A Somer's D rank correlation between predicted survival probability and observed survival time and the slope shrinkage characterizing the degree of "over adaptation" by the search for a model were calculated. Finally, the 200 bootstrap samples were used to evaluate the selection frequency of each factor in the backward selection process.
Correlations of the DCE-MRI variables and established prognostic markers of multiple myeloma were examined by using Spearman's rho test.
To illustrate the results of the Cox regression model, predicted event-free survival and overall survival were calculated.
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Results |
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The analysis of the color-coded DCE MRI images (color maps) revealed four different patterns of microcirculation as described in Materials and Methods. A "normal" pattern (Fig. 2A ), as it was found in healthy controls, was identified in 26 patients (40%). A "diffuse" pattern (Fig. 2B) was found in 22 patients (34%), and a "focal" pattern (Fig. 2C) was observed in 12 patients (18%). Furthermore, a "mixed" pattern showing a combination of "diffuse" and "focal" pattern was noted in 5 patients (8%). No statistically significant prognostic effect based on these different patterns could be found.
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The median overall survival was 49.5 months (95% confidence interval, 40 to infinity), and the median event-free survival was 17 months (95% confidence interval, 12-25). The estimated event-free survival and overall survival for the whole group of patients are shown in Fig. 3 .
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To illustrate the prognostic relevance of amplitude A and the interaction of amplitude A and ß2-microglobulin, the predicted event-free survival based on the upper and lower quartiles for each variable was computed. This defined four risk groups: "high-risk" group characterized by values for amplitude A and ß2-microglobulin in the upper quartile, two "intermediate-risk" groups with only one of both variables amplitude A and ß2-microglobulin in the upper quartile, and a "low-risk" group for lower quartiles of amplitude A and ß2-microglobulin distributions (Fig. 4A ).
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DCE-MRI variables and overall survival. Overall survival was defined as the time from DCE-MRI until death. ß2-Microglobulin (P < 0.001) was found to be the only statistically significant prognostic factor after backward selection of the Cox model (Table 2 ). Neither amplitude A nor exchange rate constant kep were found to correlate significantly in this group of patients with overall survival (Fig. 5A ). For graphical presentation of results, again, four risk groups were defined using the distributions of the established variables lactate dehydrogenase and ß2-microglobulin as described above. Predicted overall survival was then computed for these four groups (Fig. 5B).
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Discussion |
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The finding of amplitude A as an adverse variable for event-free survival is based on a multivariate Cox analysis. Similar to amplitude A, ß2-microglobulin was also identified as an independent adverse prognostic variable. ß2-Microglobulin is one of the best prognostic variables for multiple myeloma and is, together with albumin, the basis for the recently published international staging system for multiple myeloma (28). Neither the DCE-MRI variable exchange rate constant kep nor any of the other prognostic variables tested were found to be significant for event-free survival in multivariate analysis. The lack of prognostic power of the other variables, including exchange rate constant kep, may be due to a comparably low number of patients for this question. The second reason could be that we investigated patients with progressive myeloma before the start of a thalidomide-containing treatment regimen, but subgroups with increased homogeneity of patient population were too small for statistical survival analysis.
Although there was a trend indicating amplitude A as adverse prognostic variable for overall survival (data not shown) multivariate analysis did not identify a statistically significant correlation for amplitude A or for exchange rate constant kep with overall survival. For all other known prognostic variables, only ß2-microglobulin was confirmed to be significant. The finding that the prognostic implication of ß2-microglobulin was confirmed in our investigation supports the idea that despite some heterogeneity in patient characteristics, we investigated a "normal" population of patients with progressive myeloma, which indicates that our findings are not restricted to our patient population. These data, therefore, initiated a prospective study to investigate the prognostic implications of the DCE-MRI variable amplitude A in untreated patients with active myeloma in our departments. We hope that our data will encourage other investigators to include DCE-MRI techniques in the work up of patients in clinical studies.
As mentioned above, this is the first study to show a prognostic effect of DCE-MRI in multiple myeloma for event-free survival reflecting systemic disease activity. In line with these findings, we and others have already shown that DCE-MRI–derived amplitude A is significantly correlated with local complications and the degree of bone destruction in multiple myeloma (14, 18). In particular, Scherer et al. could show that an increase in amplitude A is significantly correlated with collapse of respective vertebra. These data indicate that a focal DCE-MRI pattern is correlated with high amplitude A or conversely that focal involvement of bone marrow by myeloma cells is associated with more pronounced changes in microcirculation than diffuse infiltration. Although we hypothesize that focal involvement is also associated with increased amplitude A, our set of data did not show a significant correlation of a focal pattern of bone involvement by multiple myeloma with event-free survival.
Prognostic data for multiple myeloma patients generated by DCE-MRI significantly add to the already existing number of prognostic factors for multiple myeloma for several reasons. DCE-MRI represents a functional variable that reflects microcirculation and contrast uptake and is most likely associated with disease activity. Microcirculation is correlated with increased vessel permeability and angiogenesis. Indeed, it has been shown that DCE-MRI variable amplitude A is strongly correlated with histologically detected microvessel density (17).
Angiogenesis detected by histopathologic examinations of bone marrow biopsies has been shown to be an adverse prognostic variable for multiple myeloma and for plasmocytomas (29, 30). Angiogenesis is considered a major factor for myeloma progression. In contrast to the histologic detection of microvessel density, DCE-MRI has the advantage of being a functional variable, providing the opportunity for subsequent examinations including a much larger area of investigation. All arguments summarized in this paragraph highlight the fact that the prognostic implications of DCE-MRI fit well into the pathophysiologic concept of myeloma progression and myeloma activity.
In recent years, new staging models for multiple myeloma have been developed. The Durie/Salmon PLUS classification, which has been developed based on the Durie/Salmon system as international standard for the last 30 years, takes into account the prognostic implications of standard MRI of the vertebral cord (31). Work by Baur-Melnyk et al., which has provided much of the scientific basis for the Durie/Salmon PLUS system, revealed that the number of focal lesions determined by MRI as well as the degree of diffuse infiltration have prominent prognostic implications, which are further increased when the standard Durie/Salmon system is combined with MRI (32). Extending the investigated region static total body MRI, which can be done by new MRI tomographs, is another important new technique.
It is very likely that DCE-MRI further adds to the prognostic implications of standard MRI. First, data implicate that DCE-MRI could be superior in determining disease activity and response to therapy (14).6 As outlined above, microcirculation variables can be calculated according to pharmacokinetic equations and are less dependent on subjective assessment of the evaluating radiologists. It is very conceivable that both MRI techniques are complementary and can be done subsequently on one patient within one appointment. Additional time requirement of DCE-MRI after static MRI is 
7 min.
Our data indicate that further development of novel sequences, such as high temporal–resolution three-dimensional acquisition, could be valuable to improve the prognostic power of DCE-MRI for local and systemic disease activity in multiple myeloma. Another area of future development is the modification and generation of quantitative software using different mathematical models for bone marrow microcirculation. A histogram-based technique of analysis that uses and displays all pixel of a given ROI for correlative analysis should also be evaluated in future trials. The software development has to take into account that DCE-MRI will be a potential standard technique for myeloma patients in the future and has to be adapted for routine application.
A successful example for transition of DCE-MRI technique from research into clinical application is DCE-MRI in breast cancer. It has been used for detection and evaluation of breast cancer for over a decade (33). DCE-MRI in breast cancer was done before first publications on DCE-MRI in myeloma were published (8, 33–35). Similar to the situation in multiple myeloma, DCE-MRI images of the breast can highlight areas of increased permeability and microvascular density and thereby are useful in evaluating breast masses of unknown dignity (8, 10, 36, 37). Furthermore, this method is increasingly used for monitoring breast cancer during primary chemotherapy (11, 32). Our data on the predictive value of amplitude A for local complications and for event-free survival in multiple myeloma indicate that DCE-MRI is likely to develop as future and additional tool for routine work up of myeloma patients. DCE-MRI could guide clinicians in specific questions as decisions on radiotherapy of vertebra that are under high risk to collapse, giving prognostic implications on the success of a systemic therapy and evaluating asymptomatic and smoldering myeloma.
The prognostic potential of DCE-MRI might not only be restricted to an overall assessment of risk for local or systemic disease activity. In the advent of antiangiogenic drugs and other drugs targeting microcirculation, it might be useful to identify subpopulations of patients that specifically benefit from targeted therapeutic approaches. Evaluating patients with DCE-MRI within clinical trials with antiangiogenic drugs will therefore be of particular interest.
In conclusion, DCE-MRI is able to display and monitor changes in bone marrow microcirculation as consequence of myeloma-induced angiogenesis and blood vessel permeability. Our report describes the DCE-MRI–derived microcirculation variable amplitude A as a prognostic variable for event-free survival in progressive multiple myeloma. DCE-MRI has the potential to complement existing prognostic variables and imaging techniques in assessment of myeloma. DCE-MRI might be able to identify subpopulation of patients that profit from therapeutic approaches targeting altered microcirculation as antiangiogenic drugs.
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Footnotes |
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Note: J. Hillengass and K. Wasser contributed equally to this work.
6 T.M. Moehler and K. Wasser, unpublished results. 
Received 1/10/06; revised 8/13/06; accepted 9/28/06.
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