Clinical Cancer Research The Science of Cancer Health Disparities
HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ando, M.
Right arrow Articles by Hasegawa, Y.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ando, M.
Right arrow Articles by Hasegawa, Y.
Clinical Cancer Research Vol. 6, 4733-4738, December 2000
© 2000 American Association for Cancer Research

Clinical Trials

Multi-Institutional Validation Study of Carboplatin Dosing Formula Using Adjusted Serum Creatinine Level1

Masahiko Ando, Hironobu Minami, Yuichi Ando, Hideo Saka, Shuzo Sakai, Masashi Yamamoto, Yasutsuna Sasaki, Kaoru Shimokata and Yoshinori Hasegawa2

Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital, Nagoya 453-8511 [M. A., S. S.]; National Nagoya Hospital, Nagoya 460-0001 [H. S.]; Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, Nagoya 454-8502 [M. Y.]; First Department of Internal Medicine [M. A., Y. A., Y. H.] and Clinical Preventive Services, Nagoya University School of Medicine, [K. S.], Nagoya 466-8550; and National Cancer Center Hospital East, Kashiwa 277-0882 [H. M., Y. S.], Japan


   ABSTRACT
Top
 ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
 PATIENTS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Creatinine clearance (Ccr) is widely used as a practical substitute for glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in the Calvert formula: carboplatin dose (mg) = target area under the concentration versus time curve (AUC, mg ml-1 min) x [GFR (ml min-1) + 25]. However, it causes systematic overdosing when the creatinine levels are measured by an enzymatic peroxidase-antiperoxidase method (PAP-Cr). We previously suggested an amended dosing formula to adjust this overdosing: carboplatin dose (mg) = AUC (mg ml-1 min) x [adjusted Ccr (ml min-1) + 25], where the Ccr was adjusted by adding 0.2 (mg dl-1) to serum PAP-Cr. In this study, we prospectively validated this formula in 55 patients from six institutions. Target AUC ranged from 3 to 7 mg ml-1 min, and Ccr was measured by 24-h urine collection. Estimation of carboplatin clearance with the amended formula was unbiased [mean prediction error (MPE) ± SE = 2.9 ± 3.4%] and acceptably precise [root mean squared error (RMSE) = 24.7%], whereas the Calvert formula using nonadjusted Ccr overpredicted carboplatin clearance systematically (MPE ± SE = 24.9 ± 4.9% and RMSE = 36.1%). The improvement in the bias and precision of the estimation was seen in all of the participating institutions as shown by decrease in the absolute value of MPE and RMSE for each institution. The Chatelut formula also highly overestimated carboplatin clearance when PAP-Cr was used, but the adjustment of PAP-Cr yielded a decrease in MPE by 30.4% and in RMSE by 21.3%. These results confirmed the necessity of adjusting the serum PAP-Cr in carboplatin dosing formulas.


   INTRODUCTION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
PATIENTS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Carboplatin, a second-generation platinum-containing compound, has proven activity against a range of malignancies and is much less nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and emetogenic than its parent compound cisplatin (1) . Thrombocytopenia is the major dose-limiting toxicity of carboplatin and is highly correlated with AUC3 (2) , which is the ratio of dose:clearance. Carboplatin clearance depends on each patient’s renal function, and therefore individualized carboplatin dosing is generally determined using the following formula (the Calvert formula; Ref. 3 ):

A measurement of GFR in this formula primarily requires the [51Cr]-EDTA method, which is not always available in every clinical center or hospital. Thus, the use of Ccr as a substitute for GFR in the formula is practical and is now widely accepted in clinical practice (4, 5, 6) . However, creatinine is not an ideal filtration marker because it is both filtered by glomeruli and secreted by renal tubules (7, 8, 9) . Accordingly, Ccr theoretically exceeds GFR by >12% in subjects with normal renal function (9) . Two methods are available for measuring creatinine levels, a kinetic Jaffé method (7 , 10) and an enzymatic PAP method (11 , 12) . The Jaffé method is known to cross-react with noncreatinine chromogens in serum and overestimate creatinine level by 5 to 15% in serum (7) but not in urine (13) . As a result, the calculated Ccr can be accepted as a good approximation of GFR because this error coincidentally offsets the excess of Ccr over GFR (9 , 14) . In contrast, the new enzymatic PAP method is more specific and ensures better interlaboratory agreement than the Jaffé method (11 , 12) . Because the PAP method is not influenced by chromogens, the serum creatinine level is lower than that measured by the Jaffé method and the corresponding Ccr is increased close to its true value, which is higher than GFR (11 , 12) . Therefore, when serum creatinine level is measured by the PAP method, the Calvert formula using Ccr instead of GFR causes overestimation of carboplatin clearance, resulting in overdosing of the drug (15) . The majority of clinical laboratories use the PAP method in Japan, whereas the Jaffé method has been widely accepted in the United States (16) .

We previously found that the observed carboplatin clearance is, as expected, lower than that calculated by the Calvert formula in which 24-h urinary Ccr with the PAP method was directly substituted for GFR (17) . To adjust this overdosing, we proposed an amended dosing formula in which the Ccr was adjusted by adding 0.2 (mg dl-1) to the serum creatinine level measured by the PAP method in its calculation (18) . On the contrary, investigators at another institution reported that the Calvert formula using 24-h urinary Ccr, in which serum creatinine levels were determined with the PAP method, predicted carboplatin clearance well (19) . We considered that it was necessary to investigate whether or not there is any variability among different institutions in the predictive accuracy of carboplatin dosing formulas.

In this study, we prospectively validated the adjusted carboplatin dosing formula using the serum creatinine level that had been measured by the PAP method and compared its predictive accuracy among institutions. Additionally, the effect of this adjustment of the serum creatinine levels measured by the PAP method was evaluated in the Chatelut formula (20) and the Cockcroft-Gault equation (21) . The former formula directly predicts carboplatin clearance, and the latter equation estimates Ccr from the patient’s demographic characteristics. Both require a single sampling for serum creatinine measurement without urine collection and are frequently used for outpatient chemotherapy in clinic (22, 23, 24) .


   PATIENTS AND METHODS
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 PATIENTS AND METHODS
RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Patients were eligible for entry if they met the following criteria: (a) diagnosis of solid tumors; (b) age, >20 years; (c) WHO performance status, 0–2; (d) no chemotherapy with antineoplastic agents within 4 weeks; and (e) adequate bone marrow function (WBC, >3,000/µl; platelet count, >100,000/µl). Patients who received cisplatin-containing chemotherapy within 12 weeks were ineligible because Ccr does not give satisfactory estimates of renal function during this period (25) . This study was approved by the ethics committee at each institution, and written informed consent was obtained from all patients.

The participating institutions were National Cancer Center Hospital East (Kashiwa, Japan), and National Nagoya Hospital, Nagoya Ekisaikai Hospital, and Japanese Red Cross Nagoya First Hospital in Nagoya, Japan. Two other institutions participated in the study, but the data from these two were combined for analysis because of the small number of patients (a total of four patients). In all of the institutions, creatinine values were determined using the PAP method at their own laboratories (11 , 12) . The specific test kits were as follows: Serotec CRE-L kit (Serotec Co., Sapporo) at institution A, Kainos CRE-L kit (Kainos Co., Tokyo) at institutions B and D, and Wako CRE-L kit (Wako Junyaku Co., Osaka) at institution C. All of the kits are based on the enzyme catalytic sequence, where creatininase, creatinase, and sarcosine oxidase are coupled to convert creatinine to hydrogen peroxide, which is colorimetrically detectable. The different quinone dye was measured in the colorimetric assay among the kits. Carboplatin was given by 1-h infusion as a monotherapy or in combination with other antineoplastic agents. The target AUC of carboplatin was 7 mg ml-1 min with the monotherapy and 3 to 6 mg ml-1 min with the combination therapy. The dose of carboplatin was determined using the formula (18) :


Ccr was measured by 24-h urine collection. We used only the data from >800 ml/day of urine to obtain an accurate estimation of Ccr. The average of two measurements, which were obtained on separate days within a week, was used for dosing.

A pharmacokinetic study was performed during the first cycle of the chemotherapy. Heparinized blood samples were obtained at the end of infusion and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 h after the end of infusion. The plasma was immediately separated by centrifugation. Ultrafiltrate of plasma was obtained using Amicon MPS micropartition system with YMT membranes (Grace Japan KK, Amicon, Tokyo) and stored at -20°C until analysis. The ultrafiltered platinum level was measured by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry (26) . The lower limit of measurement was 25 ng ml-1. The intra- and interassay coefficient of variation was 2.6 and 4.1%, respectively. The carboplatin level was calculated on the basis of the molar ratio of platinum:carboplatin.

The observed AUC of carboplatin was calculated using the trapezoidal method with extrapolation to infinity, using WINNONLIN version 1.1 software (Scientific Consulting Inc., Apex, NC), and the observed clearance was calculated as follows:

The observed clearance was compared with the estimated clearance, which was calculated as follows: estimated clearance (ml min-1) = adjusted Ccr (ml min-1) + 25. Furthermore, estimations of clearance by the various methods were evaluated for their accuracy, which were calculated using the following formulas: (a) Ccr + 25 (the Calvert formula using nonadjusted Ccr); (b) the Calvert formula using the Cockcroft-Gault equation; (c) the Calvert formula using the Cockcroft-Gault equation with the adjustment of serum creatinine by adding 0.2 mg dl-1; (d) the Chatelut formula; and (e) the Chatelut formula with adjustment of serum creatinine by adding 0.2 mg dl-1. The Cockcroft-Gault equation was used to estimate Ccr as follows (21) :

where gender = 0 for male and 1 for female subjects.

The Chatelut formula was as follows (20) :

where gender = 0 for male and 1 for female subjects.

The accuracy of the estimation was evaluated with MPE ± SE and RMSE (27) .


The MPE and its 95% confidence interval was calculated for the overall population and for each institution separately. Whether the adjustment of the serum creatinine level improved the estimation of the carboplatin clearance was analyzed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. An ANOVA was used to analyze the difference in the MPE among institutions. An analysis of covariance was used to evaluate the interinstitutional difference in the MPE taking age, gender, body weight, history of previous chemotherapy, adjusted Ccr, percentage range of the values of adjusted Ccr derived from the two measurements, and time interval between the two measurements into consideration. Demographic and biological characteristics of patients were compared among the institutions by the {chi}2 test or Kruskal-Wallis test. Statistical analyses were performed by SAS version 6.12 software (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC).


   RESULTS
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 PATIENTS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 
Fifty-five patients from the six institutions were entered into the study (Table 1)Citation . The demographic characteristics of patients were similar among the institutions except for age (P = 0.030), the value of adjusted Ccr (P = 0.006), time interval between the two measurements of adjusted Ccr (P = 0.015), and the previous chemotherapy (P = 0.001). A total of five patients had received cisplatin-containing chemotherapy before entry into this study, with no difference in the distribution among institutions. The percentage range of the two measurements of adjusted Ccr was <25% in 48 of the 55 patients. No association was observed between the time interval and the percentage range between the measurements (r = 0.150; P = 0.274).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 1 Demographic characteristics of patients according to institution

 
The Calvert formula with nonadjusted Ccr used as a substitute for GFR overestimated the carboplatin clearance as shown by 24.9% of MPE. This was improved to 2.9% by adjusting the serum creatinine level by adding 0.2 mg dl-1 (P < 0.001). The adjustment of the serum creatinine level also improved the precision in the estimation of carboplatin clearance (P = 0.003), so that the prediction of carboplatin clearance with the amended formula based on adjusted Ccr was unbiased and acceptably precise (Table 2Citation and Fig. 1Citation ). The improvement in the estimation of carboplatin clearance was seen in every participating institution; the absolute value of MPE was decreased by a median of 11.8% (range, 0.1–26.3%) and RMSE decreased by 6.1% (1.7–22.1%; Fig. 2Citation ). The difference in the MPE was significant among the institutions [P = 0.031 with and P = 0.009 without the adjustment (Figs. 2, A and BCitation , respectively)]. The interinstitutional difference remained significant in the analysis of covariance (Table 3)Citation , with a significant overestimation of carboplatin clearance by 17% in the patients treated at institution B (P = 0.025). The differences in age, adjusted Ccr, the time interval between the two Ccr measurements, and the previous chemotherapy did not explain the interinstitutional difference in the MPE. The interinstitutional difference in the MPE did not change after the exclusion of the seven patients whose percentage range of adjusted Ccr exceeded 25% (P = 0.031).


View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 2 Estimated and observed carboplatin clearance

 


View larger version (14K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Fig. 1. A, relationship between observed carboplatin clearance and carboplatin clearance predicted by the formula we proposed, where creatinine level was measured with the enzymatic PAP method and adjusted by adding 0.2 mg dl-1 to the serum creatinine level. Diagonal line, line of identity. •, 13 patients were entered from institution A; {circ}, 12 patients from B; {blacksquare}, 10 patients from C; {square}, 16 patients from D; +, 4 other patients. B, relationship between observed carboplatin clearance and that predicted by the Calvert formula using nonadjusted creatinine clearance, where creatinine level was measured with the PAP method.

 


View larger version (11K):
[in this window]
[in a new window]
[Download PPT slide]
  		Fig. 2. A, mean prediction error and the 95% confidence interval of estimated carboplatin clearance by the formula we proposed, where creatinine level was measured with the PAP method and adjusted by adding 0.2 mg dl-1 to the serum creatinine level. The value in the overall population and that in the participating institutions (institutions A, B, C, D, and others) are shown. Institution D, institution at which the adjusted formula was originally developed in a previous study (18) . B, mean prediction error and its 95% confidence interval of estimated carboplatin clearance by the Calvert formula using nonadjusted creatinine clearance, where the creatinine level was measured with the PAP method.

 

View this table:
[in this window]
[in a new window]

  		Table 3 Results of analysis of covariance

 
The Chatelut formula also highly overestimated carboplatin clearance when the serum creatinine level measured by the PAP method was used in its calculation, and the adjustment by adding 0.2 mg dl-1 to the serum creatinine level decreased MPE and RMSE by 30.4 and 21.3%, respectively (Table 2)Citation . Similar results were obtained when the Cockcroft-Gault equation was used in the Calvert formula; the bias became nonsignificant after the adjustment of the serum creatinine level, with an improvement in RMSE by 3.8%.


   DISCUSSION
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 PATIENTS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
REFERENCES
 
We proved that the formula using Ccr calculated with the creatinine level measured by the PAP method and adjusted by adding 0.2 mg dl-1 was reliable for carboplatin dosing in this multi-institutional prospective evaluation. The amended formula successfully corrected the systematic overestimation of carboplatin clearance by the Calvert formula using nonadjusted Ccr with the PAP method, so that the estimated carboplatin clearance by this formula was unbiased and acceptably precise. The improvement in the bias and precision of the estimation was discernible throughout the participating institutions as shown by the reduction in the absolute value of MPE and RMSE in every institution. These results reinforce the usefulness of this carboplatin dosing formula and suggest its high acceptability in clinical practice. It remains to be studied whether more precise individualized dosing in carboplatin chemotherapy should improve the therapeutic outcome of the drug.

This is the first study evaluating interinstitutional variability in the validity of the estimated carboplatin clearance by uniform dosing formula using serum creatinine levels measured by the PAP method. In the analysis of covariance, we found a significant overestimation in the patients treated at institution B. The demographic and biological characteristics of the patients treated at this institution were comparable with those in the other institutions. We had evaluated an interinstitutional variability in measuring creatinine levels by assaying identical serum samples of three different concentrations among institutions B, C, and D. Each sample was measured in triplicate, and we confirmed that there was no difference in measured creatinine values among institutions. In the present study, the analysis of covariance also found a significant difference in the MPE of carboplatin clearance between institutions B and D, where the same kit for creatinine measurement was used (P = 0.048). Therefore, we consider that the interinstitutional variability in prediction of carboplatin clearance should not be caused by the difference in the method of creatinine measurement.

Several pharmacokinetic studies have reported controversial results about the predictive accuracy of the Calvert formula using 24-h urinary Ccr (6 , 19 , 28) . Some studies that underestimated the carboplatin clearance provided little explanation about the completeness of urine collection and the method of creatinine measurement (6 , 28) . Inadequate urine collections would cause underestimation of carboplatin clearance. Other investigators in Japan recently observed a good concordance of carboplatin clearance with the corresponding predicted value in their study (19) . We consider that the discrepancy between their result and ours might be caused by a low dose (25 mg m-2) of carboplatin in about half of their patients and by some technical problems concerning the pharmacokinetic study, especially a lack of sampling shortly after the infusion in their study. Indeed, their concentration versus time data were fitted to a monoexponential curve, leading to underestimation of AUC, whereas the pharmacokinetics of carboplatin are usually fitted well by a two-compartment model (29) . In addition, the possibility of inadequate urine collections cannot be ruled out.

The Chatelut formula overpredicted carboplatin clearance when serum creatinine levels measured by the PAP method were used in the calculation. The Ektachem method was used for serum creatinine measurement in developing the formula, which generally gives higher values than those measured by the PAP method (30 , 31) . The difference in the method of creatinine measurement, therefore, explains the overestimation of carboplatin clearance by the Chatelut formula with the PAP method (32) . The present study showed that the adjustment of the serum creatinine value is reasonable for the Chatelut formula. In other studies, the Chatelut formula using the serum creatinine value measured by the Jaffé method predicted carboplatin clearance acceptably (24 , 33) . These observations were consistent with our results. The adjustment of serum creatinine also improved the predictive accuracy of the Calvert formula in which Ccr, as a substitute for GFR, was calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Considering that the Cockcroft-Gault equation was originally developed using serum creatinine measured by the Jaffé method, it is reasonable to use the adjusted serum creatinine in the Cockcroft-Gault equation (21 , 34) .

We calculated the AUC of carboplatin on the basis of the trapezoidal method in this analysis because the method was used in the development of the original Calvert formula (3) . Because the trapezoidal method may overestimate the AUC after the end of the infusion, we also calculated the AUC using the log-trapezoidal method. Overall, the MPE was improved from 19.4 ± 4.3% without the adjustment to -1.7 ± 3.2% with the adjustment, suggesting the robustness of our conclusion.

We confirmed the necessity of adjusting Ccr by adding 0.2 mg dl-1 to the serum creatinine level measured by the enzymatic PAP method when Ccr was used as a surrogate for GFR in the Calvert formula. This is true whether Ccr is measured by collecting 24-h urine or estimated by the Cockcroft-Gault equation. Likewise, when the PAP method is used for creatinine measurement in the Chatelut formula, the adjusted serum creatinine level should be used to avoid overdosing of carboplatin. Considering moderate interinstitutional variability in predicting carboplatin clearance, preliminary pharmacokinetic examinations at each institution should be useful to evaluate the predictive accuracy of carboplatin dosing formulas before they are applied to clinical use.


   FOOTNOTES
 
The costs of publication of this article were defrayed in part by the payment of page charges. This article must therefore be hereby marked advertisement in accordance with 18 U.S.C. Section 1734 solely to indicate this fact.

1 Supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research (7-30) from the Ministry of Health and Welfare, Japan. Back

2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at First Department of Internal Medicine, Nagoya University School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan. Phone: 81-52-744-1974; Fax: 81-52-744-2157; E-mail: yhasega{at}med.nagoya-u.ac.jp Back

3 The abbreviations used are: AUC, area under the concentration versus time curve; GFR, glomerular filtration rate; Ccr, creatinine clearance; PAP, peroxidase-antiperoxidase; MPE, mean prediction error; RMSE, root mean squared error. Back

Received 6/ 6/00; revised 9/12/00; accepted 9/15/00.


   REFERENCES
Top
 ABSTRACT
 INTRODUCTION
 PATIENTS AND METHODS
 RESULTS
 DISCUSSION
 REFERENCES
 

  1. Go R. S., Adjei A. A. Review of the comparative pharmacology and clinical activity of cisplatin and carboplatin. J. Clin. Oncol., 17: 409-422, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  2. Jodrell D. I., Egorin M. J., Canetta R. M., Langenberg P., Goldbloom E. P., Burroughs J. N., Goodlow J. L., Tan S., Wiltshaw E. Relationships between carboplatin exposure and tumor response and toxicity in patients with ovarian cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 10: 520-528, 1992.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  3. Calvert A. H., Newell D. R., Gumbrell L. A., O’Reilly S., Burnell M., Boxall F. E., Siddik Z. H., Judson I. R., Gore M. E., Wiltshaw E. Carboplatin dosage: prospective evaluation of a simple formula based on renal function. J. Clin. Oncol., 7: 1748-1756, 1989.[Abstract]
  4. Rowinsky E. K., Flood W. A., Sartorius S. E., Bowling K. M., Ettinger D. S. Phase I study of paclitaxel on a 3-hour schedule followed by carboplatin in untreated patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Investig. New Drugs, 15: 129-138, 1997.[CrossRef][Medline]
  5. Choy H., Akerley W., Safran H., Graziano S., Chung C., Williams T., Cole B., Kennedy T. Multiinstitutional Phase II trial of paclitaxel, carboplatin, and concurrent radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 16: 3316-3322, 1998.[Abstract]
  6. Belani C. P., Kearns C. M., Zuhowski E. G., Erkmen K., Hiponia D., Zacharski D., Engstrom C., Ramanathan R. K., Capozzoli M. J., Aisner J., Egorin M. J. Phase I trial, including pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic correlations, of combination paclitaxel and carboplatin in patients with metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer. J. Clin. Oncol., 17: 676-684, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  7. Kassirer J. P. Clinical evaluation of kidney function—glomerular function. N. Engl. J. Med., 285: 385-389, 1971.
  8. Shemesh O., Golbetz H., Kriss J. P., Myers B. D. Limitations of creatinine as a filtration marker in glomerulopathic patients. Kidney Int., 28: 830-838, 1985.[Medline]
  9. Levey A. S., Madaio M. P., Perrone R. D. Laboratory assessment of renal disease: clearance, urinalysis, and renal biopsy Ed. 4 Brenner B. T. Rector F. C., Jr. eds. . The Kidney, : 919-968, W. B. Saunders Philadelphia 1991.
  10. Lustgarten J. A., Wenk R. E. Simple, rapid, kinetic method for serum creatinine measurement. Clin. Chem., 18: 1419-1422, 1972.[Abstract]
  11. Guder W. G., Hoffmann G. E., Hubbuch A., Poppe W. A., Siedel J., Price C. P. Multicentre evaluation of an enzymatic method for creatinine determination using a sensitive colour reagent. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem., 24: 889-902, 1986.[Medline]
  12. Crocker H., Shephard M. D., White G. H. Evaluation of an enzymatic method for determining creatinine in plasma. J. Clin. Pathol., 41: 576-581, 1988.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  13. Perrone R. D., Madias N. E., Levey A. S. Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: new insights into old concepts. Clin. Chem., 38: 1933-1953, 1992.[Abstract]
  14. Calvert A. H. A review of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of combination carboplatin/paclitaxel. Semin. Oncol., 24(Suppl.2): 85-90, 1997.
  15. Ando Y., Hasegawa Y. Prediction equation for glomerular filtration rate. Ann. Intern. Med., 131: 629-630, 1999.[Free Full Text]
  16. Lafayette R. A., Perrone R. D., Levey A. S. Laboratory evaluation of renal function Ed. 6 Schrier R. W. Gottschalk C. W. eds. . Diseases of the Kidney, : 307-354, Little, Brown and Company Boston 1997.
  17. Ando Y., Minami H., Saka H., Ando M., Sugiura S., Sakai S., Shimokata K. Pharmacokinetic study of carboplatin given on a 5-day intravenous schedule. Jpn. J. Cancer Res., 88: 517-521, 1997.[Medline]
  18. Ando Y., Minami H., Saka H., Ando M., Sakai S., Shimokata K. Adjustment of creatinine clearance improves accuracy of Calvert’s formula for carboplatin dosing. Br. J. Cancer, 76: 1067-1071, 1997.[Medline]
  19. Okamoto H., Nagatomo A., Kunitoh H., Kunikane H., Watanabe K. Prediction of carboplatin clearance calculated by patient characteristics or 24-hour creatinine clearance: a comparison of the performance of three formulae. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 42: 307-312, 1998.[CrossRef][Medline]
  20. Chatelut E., Canal P., Brunner V., Chevreau C., Pujol A., Boneu A., Roche H., Houin G., Bugat R. Prediction of carboplatin clearance from standard morphological and biological patient characteristics. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 87: 573-580, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  21. Cockcroft D. W., Gault M. H. Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron, 16: 31-41, 1976.[Medline]
  22. Redman B. G., Smith D. C., Flaherty L., Du W., Hussain M. Phase II trial of paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of advanced urothelial carcinoma. J. Clin. Oncol., 16: 1844-1848, 1998.[Abstract]
  23. Obasaju C. K., Johnson S. W., Rogatko A., Kilpatrick D., Brennan J. M., Hamilton T. C., Ozols R. F., O’Dwyer P. J., Gallo J. M. Evaluation of carboplatin pharmacokinetics in the absence and presence of paclitaxel. Clin. Cancer Res., 2: 549-552, 1996.[Abstract]
  24. Fukuda M., Oka M., Soda H., Terashi K., Kawabata S., Nakatomi K., Takatani H., Tsurutani J., Tsukamoto K., Noguchi Y., Fukuda M., Kinoshita A., Kohno S. Phase I study of irinotecan combined with carboplatin in previously untreated solid cancers. Clin. Cancer Res., 5: 3963-3969, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  25. Daugaard G., Rossing N., Rorth M. Effects of cisplatin on different measures of glomerular function in the human kidney with special emphasis on high-dose. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 21: 163-167, 1988.[Medline]
  26. LeRoy A. F., Wehling M. L., Sponseller H. L., Friauf W. S., Solomon R. E., Dedrick R. L., Litterst C. L., Gram T. E., Guarino A. M., Becker D. A. Analysis of platinum in biological materials by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Biochem. Med., 18: 184-191, 1977.[CrossRef][Medline]
  27. Sheiner L. B., Beal S. L. Some suggestions for measuring predictive performance. J. Pharmacokinet. Biopharm., 9: 503-512, 1981.[CrossRef][Medline]
  28. Shea T., Graham M., Bernard S., Steagall A., Wiley J., Serody J., Brecher M., Bentley S., Johnston C., Vaisman A., Chaney S., Letrent S., Brouwer K. A clinical and pharmacokinetic study of high-dose carboplatin, paclitaxel, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, and peripheral blood stem cells in patients with unresectable or metastatic cancer. Semin. Oncol., 22: 80-85, 1995.
  29. Duffull S. B., Robinson B. A. Clinical pharmacokinetics and dose optimisation of carboplatin. Clin. Pharmacokinet., 33: 161-183, 1997.[Medline]
  30. Apple F., Bandt C., Prosch A., Erlandson G., Holmstrom V., Scholen J., Googins M. Creatinine clearance: enzymatic vs Jaffé determinations of creatinine in plasma and urine. Clin. Chem., 32: 388-390, 1986.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  31. van Lente F., Suit P. Assessment of renal function by serum creatinine and creatinine clearance: glomerular filtration rate estimated by four procedures. Clin. Chem., 35: 2326-2330, 1989.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  32. Minami H., Ando Y., Saka H., Shimokata K. Re: prediction of carboplatin clearance from standard morphological and biological patient characteristics. J. Natl. Cancer Inst., 89: 968-970, 1997.[Free Full Text]
  33. van Warmerdam L. J., Rodenhuis S., ten Bokkel Huinink W. W., Maes R. A., Beijnen J. H. Evaluation of formulas using the serum creatinine level to calculate the optimal dosage of carboplatin. Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol., 37: 266-270, 1996.[CrossRef][Medline]
  34. Fujiwawara Y., Takahashi T., Yamakido M., Ohune T., Tsuya T., Egorin M. J. Re: prediction of carboplatin clearance from standard morphological and biological patient characteristics. J. Natl. Canceer Inst., 89: 260-262, 1997.



This article has been cited by other articles:


Home page
 Ann OncolHome page
V Launay-Vacher, E Chatelut, S. Lichtman, H Wildiers, C Steer, and M Aapro
Renal insufficiency in elderly cancer patients: International Society of Geriatric Oncology clinical practice recommendations
Ann. Onc., August 1, 2007; 18(8): 1314 - 1321.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

Home page
 J Oncol Pharm PractHome page
S. Kaestner and G. Sewell
Dose-banding of carboplatin: rationale and proposed banding scheme
Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice, June 1, 2007; 13(2): 109 - 117.
[Abstract] [PDF]

Home page
 Clin. Cancer Res.Home page
J. M. Gallo, P. Vicini, A. Orlansky, S. Li, F. Zhou, J. Ma, S. Pulfer, M. A. Bookman, and P. Guo
Pharmacokinetic Model-Predicted Anticancer Drug Concentrations in Human Tumors
Clin. Cancer Res., December 1, 2004; 10(23): 8048 - 8058.
[Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]

This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Full Text (PDF)
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in PubMed
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrow reprints & permissions
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via HighWire
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Ando, M.
Right arrow Articles by Hasegawa, Y.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
PubMed
Right arrow PubMed Citation
Right arrow Articles by Ando, M.
Right arrow Articles by Hasegawa, Y.

HOME HELP FEEDBACK SUBSCRIPTIONS ARCHIVE SEARCH TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cancer Research Clinical Cancer Research
Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention Molecular Cancer Therapeutics
Molecular Cancer Research Cancer Prevention Research
Cancer Prevention Journals Portal Cancer Reviews Online
Annual Meeting Education Book Meeting Abstracts Online