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Molecular Oncology, Markers, Clinical Correlates |
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts 02215 [Y-J. K., S. P. B., G. J. B.]; University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143 [E. J. S., D. R.]; University of California–Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095 [F. K.]; New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016 [A. C., S. T.]; and Sugen, South San Francisco, California 94080 [A. D., A. H.]
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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To identify potential therapeutic targets, the spectrum of RPTKs expressed in bone marrow metastasis from patients with HRPC has been investigated. Using a reverse transcription-PCR based assay, the PDGF-r-
was found to be the most consistently expressed RPTK (4)
. Previous studies have shown that both forms of PDGF-r, and ß, are expressed in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasias (5)
and adenocarcinomas (6)
, but not in benign prostate hypertrophy or normal prostatic epithelium. These data suggest that PDGF signaling may be important in the behavior of primary and metastatic prostate cancer.
SU101 is a potent and highly selective inhibitor in vitro of PDGF-r- and PDGF-r-ß (7)
. SU101 minimally interacts with even highly related RPTK receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor or fibroblast growth factor receptors. However, SU101 has a short in vivo half-life and is converted to its principal metabolite, SU0020, which can inhibit de novo pyrimidine synthesis, and, therefore, may possess antiproliferative activity. Nonetheless, in a study of a wide range of tumor xenografts, SU101-induced growth inhibition was significantly greater in tumors that expressed PDGF-r compared with xenografts not expressing this receptor (7)
. Moreover, during Phase I testing, significant PSA declines (43–93%) occurred in three of five patients receiving SU101 at or near the eventual Phase II dose used in this trial. The major side effects observed in these studies were mild to moderate nausea, vomiting, and fever (8)
. Therefore, we initiated a multi-institutional Phase II study of this agent based on its preferential inhibition of tumors demonstrating PDGF-r in preclinical analysis, as well as its demonstrated tolerability and activity during Phase I testing. Biopsies of metastatic sites were also obtained, when possible, to assess whether PDGF-r expression correlated with PSA responses. The dose and once weekly schedule was based on the Phase I study, which demonstrated that significant levels of the metabolite SU0020 were achieved and maintained with this schedule.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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4 ng/ml and to be increasing after a nadir achieved with other active therapies. Evidence of D2 disease (metastatic disease) was not a requirement for study entry. Other eligibility criteria included adequate hematopoietic reserves (absolute neutrophil count >2,000/mm3, hemoglobin >9.0 g/dl, and platelet count >100,000/mm3), hepatic function (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase <2.5 times the upper limit of normal, and total bilirubin <1.5 times the upper limit of normal), and renal function (serum creatinine <2 mg/dl). Patients could not be allergic to etoposide and had to have a KPS of 60%. Chemotherapy, antiandrogens, immunotherapy, investigational agents, or radiotherapy could not be administered within 4 weeks of beginning the study. Patients on bicalutamide had to undergo a 6-week waiting period to avoid withdrawal responses. Also patients must not have had major surgery within 2 weeks before treatment due to concerns about wound healing. All patients gave written informed consent in accordance with federal, state, and institutional guidelines.
Drug Administration.
Patients in this trial were treated with a 4-day loading dose of SU101, followed by 10 weekly infusions. The first treated patient received 200 mg/m2/day loading and weekly doses. The remaining 43 patients were treated at 400 mg/m2/day (loading and weekly doses). Patients with objective responses or disease stabilization could continue weekly SU101 treatment for 1 year. After the initial loading dose, no further loading doses were administered with subsequent cycles.
SU101 was supplied by Sugen, Inc. (South San Francisco, CA) in a liquid formulation of 400 mg of SU101 diluted to 10 mg/ml in dehydrated ethanol (26.3%), polysorbate 80 (12.0%), polyethylene glycol (35.0%), citric acid (0.55%), and water for injection (26.2%). The total daily dose was diluted with D5W/0.45% NaCl to a final concentration of 1:15. Infusion bags and tubing were composed of nonpolyvinyl-chloride, nondiethylhexyphthalate materials, and an IMED programmable infusion pump (IMED Corp., San Diego, CA) was used.
Pretreatment and Follow-up Studies.
Medical and medication histories, physical examinations, assessment of KPS, and routine laboratory studies were performed before therapy and at week 12. Laboratory studies included a complete blood count, differential, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, glucose, total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphate, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, urinalysis, prothrombin time, and partial thromboplastin time. A brief physical examination was performed at the end of the loading dose and at the end of each weekly infusion. Repeat serum chemistries and complete blood counts were obtained after the loading dose on day 4 and before the week 6 infusion. Vital signs were monitored before, 1 h after initiation, and at the end of each infusion. Patients were assessed for toxicity before each weekly infusion.
PSA levels were measured within 7 days before initiating therapy and at weeks 6 and 12. Bone scans were performed at baseline and at week 12. Patients were asked to complete a BPS at baseline and at week 12 of each cycle. Patients with evaluable or measurable disease underwent a computed tomography scan or chest X-ray at baseline and week 12 of each cycle. Before therapy, patients were also asked to consent to a bone marrow biopsy to obtain tumor to evaluate PDGF-r expression in a metastatic lesion.
Immunohistochemistry.
Bone marrow biopsies and, in some cases, archival primary prostate tissue including initial core biopsies were analyzed by Labcorp of America (Research Triangle, NC). Immunohistochemical analysis was performed using a rabbit antihuman PDGF-r ( and ß) antibody (Upstate Biotechnology, Inc., Lake Placid, NY) diluted at 1:50 in 1% in BSA according to previously published methods (8)
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Slides were reviewed by a central pathologist who was blinded to the clinical results of the study. The slides were examined for presence of tumor on a H&E stain before evaluation for immunohistochemical staining for PDGF-r. The presence of PDGF-r staining was scored as: 0, no staining of tumor cells; 1+, weakly positive; 2+, moderately positive; and 3+, strongly positive staining of tumor cells. The percentage of positively staining cells were classified as: <10%, 10–25%, 25–50%, 50–75%, and 75–100%.
Toxicity and Response Criteria.
The National Cancer Institute common toxicity criteria were used to grade toxicity. Consistent with the recently published consensus guidelines from the Prostate-Specific Antigen Working Group, a PSA decline of >50% from baseline on two assessments separated by at least 4 weeks was used to determine PSA response (9)
. PSA progression was defined as a >25% increase over the PSA nadir measured at study entry. For patients with measurable disease, standard response criteria were used. A pain response was defined as a greater than 3-point decline from baseline or a decline to zero on the 10-point BPS scale. Time to disease progression was defined as the period of time on study from the first day of drug administration to the time when disease progression as defined PSA or measurable disease was documented.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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. The median patient age was 72 years, and the median KPS was 80%. All patients were on stable doses of leutinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists or had undergone bilateral orchiectomy. Eligible patients had to have demonstrated an increasing PSA within 4 weeks before study entry and values of 4 ng/ml. Although the presence of D2 disease was not a requirement for study entry, all patients had evidence of D2 disease, as defined by a positive bone scan and/or radiographic involvement of other sites. Nineteen patients had measurable disease. Twenty-one patients had failed at least one prior chemotherapy. Thirty-five patients were taking analgesics on a prescribed, regular basis, and 22 patients required narcotic analgesics.
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50%, and a further 10 of 39 (26%) had stabilization of their previously increasing PSAs.
Measurable or Evaluable Disease Response.
Nineteen of the 44 patients (43%) had radiographically measurable disease. Eleven of these 19 patients did not have follow-up scans at the discretion of the treating physician or due to patient request. Of the eight patients with follow-up scans, one had a partial response (lung and nodal metastasis) and three had stable disease (one with lung lesions, one with lymph node disease, and one with pelvic wall metastasis). Thus, in the patients with measurable lesions, 4 of 19 (21%) had tumor responses or disease stabilization while being treated with SU101.
Thirty-nine patients had evidence of metastatic disease on baseline bone scans. Twenty-eight patients had a follow-up scan and were evaluable. Of the 28 evaluable patients, 4 (14%) had scans that improved and 14 (50%) had scans that stabilized on SU101.
Pain Response.
Patients were assessed for a subjective improvement in pain using the BPS at baseline, week 12, and at time of early withdrawal. Of the 44 patients enrolled in the study, 35 reported pain at the baseline assessment and 21 of these completed at least one follow-up assessment. Of these 21 patients, 9 (43%) had a 3-point decline or decline to zero on a 10-point scale. Eight of these patients remained on stable doses of pain medication while one patient was able to lower his dose of pain medication. Seven additional patients reported that their pain symptoms stabilized, and five patients reported worsened pain. Therefore, the overall pain response rate was 9 of 35 (26%) patients, and an additional 8 of 35 (23%) patients had stabilization of their pain.
Immunohistochemistry for PDGF-r.
Thirty-one patients underwent a bone marrow biopsy at baseline, and 35 samples were obtained (four patients with two samples each). Fifteen of these samples (43%) contained tumor by routine histology (Table 2)
. From the samples with tumor present in the bone marrow, 80% (12 of 15) were positive for PDGF-r staining. In addition to the metastatic marrow samples, one sample from a metastatic lymph node from the neck demonstrated 1+ staining. For example, patient 17 had both an archival prostate needle biopsy and a bone marrow biopsy with tumor present for immunohistochemical analysis (Fig. 1)
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Toxicity.
A total of 615 infusions were delivered to 44 patients. Twenty-nine patients completed 12 weeks of therapy (one cycle). Ten of 44 (23%) patients were withdrawn for adverse events (asthenia, n = 3; thrombocytopenia, n = 2; exfoliative rash, n = 1; anxiety, n = 1; altered mental status, n = 1; methemoglobinemia, n = 1; gastrointestinal bleed, n = 1). The most common adverse events were asthenia, nausea, anorexia, and anemia (Table 3)
, which were from mild to moderate in severity. The most common severe (grade 3 or higher) adverse events were asthenia, anemia, and pain. Altered mental status was seen in seven patients. Other toxicity included grade III methemoglobinemia (n = 1), grade III exfoliative rash (n = 1), and hypertension during drug infusion (n = 1). Neutropenia was uncommon; and grade 3 thrombocytopenia was observed in only two patients. There were two deaths while on study; one due to pulmonary hypertension and a death in another patient who suffered an acute cerebral vascular accident. Neither of these two events was attributed to SU101.
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DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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SU101 administered as a single agent according to the described schedule resulted in only a modest overall objective clinical benefit in these heavily pretreated patients. One patient with measurable disease exhibited a marked reduction in lymph node size and PSA (from 293 ng/ml to 0.3 ng/ml). However, except for four patients who demonstrated an improvement in pretreatment bone scans, there were no other patients who demonstrated objective tumor regression. An additional two other patients demonstrated significant (>50%) reductions in their pretreatment PSA values.
Because declines in PSA are not necessarily correlated with clinical benefit, we examined the effect of SU101 on pain as measured by the BPS. The percentage of patients (26%) who reported improvements in pain was higher than that seen for either decreases in PSA or measurable disease. Because this was not placebo-controlled trial, it is possible that the amelioration of pain reported by some patients represented a placebo effect. However, we cannot exclude a direct palliative effect from this agent or its metabolite.
In contrast to the rate of disease regression, a greater percentage of patients in this study demonstrated stable measurable disease (16%) or stable PSA values (26%) during at least the initial 12-week cycle. Although the stable disease categorization has not been shown to correlate with a clear-cut survival advantage in HRPC studies, it may be of use in evaluating selective new agents such as SU101. Inhibition of growth factor pathways, such as with the antibody against the epidermal growth factor inhibitor, often results in cytostatic effects in vitro (12) . Therefore, for agents that inhibit growth factor signaling, PSA decline as a clinical end point may be less informative. For future trials with agents that are potentially cytostatic, time to PSA progression may be a more appropriate end point than PSA decline.
SU101 administered according to the described schedule was only moderately tolerated. The most frequent side effect in this patient population was asthenia (Table 1)
. The asthenia observed in this study was not unexpected, given the advanced age, extensive prior chemotherapy, and extent of disease in this patient population. We also noted that a treatment interruption of 1 or 2 weeks resulted in greater patient tolerability. Nausea was the second most common side effect, but was grade 1 in most patients and was easily managed with standard antiemetics. There was no significant leukopenia, although moderate anemia was noted in the majority of patients. Poor bone marrow reserve due to disease infiltration is common in this group of patients and may have contributed to the anemia observed.
The median survival in this group of patients was 11.2 months. Although survival was not a primary objective of the study, this figure is consistent with recent clinical trials in HRPC. For instance, in a similar patient population, combination therapy with etoposide, paclitaxel, and estramustine (2) or mitoxantrone and hydrocortisone (13) demonstrated similar median survivals of 12.8 months and 12.3 months, respectively.
One possible explanation for the low response rate in this study is that the short half-life of SU101 leads to only transient blockade of PDGF-mediated signaling and that a more prolonged receptor inhibition may be necessary for clinical benefit. However, it is not clear that any of the antitumor effects observed in this study result only from inhibition of PDGF signaling. SU0020, the major metabolite of SU101, interferes with pyrimidine synthesis and has a longer half-life than the parent drug. However, in vitro studies with SU101 have demonstrated selectivity for the PDGF-r pathway independent of pyrimidine synthesis (7) . Also, in animal studies, xenografts expressing PDGF-r demonstrate greater SU101-induced growth inhibition than xenografts with minimal or no PDGF-r expression, suggesting a PDGF-r-mediated mechanism of action (7) .
To date, studies of PDGF-r expression in human prostate cancer have only included the primary sites in one study (6)
or a limited number of metastasis in another (4)
. This is the first study in which PDGF-r expression has been studied both in the primary and the metastatic setting. The level of PDGF-r expression did not differ between the primary and metastatic sites, even for samples obtained from the same patient. Therefore, although the metastatic sample was often obtained years after removal of the prostate gland, the level of PDGF-r staining was not substantially different (Table 2)
. These findings suggest that the PDGF-r is consistently expressed during disease progression and may be a therapeutic target for all stages of disease.
In summary, the effects of SU101 alone in this population of HRPC patients are modest. Nonetheless, given the presence of the PDGR-r in metastatic prostate tumor samples, these results suggest that studies with other PDGF-r inhibitors, either alone or in combination with cytotoxic agents, may be warranted. For future trials, the ability to assess the activation (phosphorylation) status of the PDGF-r or its downstream targets either in tumor or surrogate tissue will greatly enhance the ability to correlate efficacy at both the molecular and therapeutic levels.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Funded in part by Sugen, Inc. and in part by the Clinical Investigator Training Program, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center–Harvard/Massachusetts of Technology Health Sciences and Technology, in collaboration with Pfizer, Inc. (to Y-J. K.). 
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, HIM-1047, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215. Phone: (617) 667-2404; Fax: (617) 667-0610; E-mail: gbubley{at}caregroup.harvard.edu
3 The abbreviations used are: HRPC, hormone-refractory prostate cancer; RPTK, receptor protein tyrosine kinase; PDGF-r, platelet-derived growth factor receptor; PSA, prostate-specific antigen; KPS, Karnofsky Performance Status; SU101, N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl] 5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamide; SU0020, N-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-2-cyano-3-hydroxyl-2-butenamide; BPS, Brief Pain Survey.
Received 8/28/00; revised 11/28/00; accepted 12/ 1/00.
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REFERENCES |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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and ß receptors in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Prostate., 29: 282-286, 1996.[CrossRef][Medline]
and ß receptor expression in benign prostatic hyperplasias and Gleason-graded human prostate adenocarcinomas. Mod. Pathol., 7: 549-554, 1994.[Medline]
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