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CRC Experimental Haematology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom [B. I. L., L. B. W.], and Departments of Pharmacology, Pharmaceutics, and Clinical Development, Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320-1789 [G. M.]
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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24 h. The peripheral half-life of neutrophils was not significantly different from normal, and the mitotic amplification factors for increase in granulocytopoiesis, accounted for by 3–3.9 extra cell divisions, were comparable for both factors. We conclude that neutrophil kinetics are stimulated in the same way and to the same extent by both SD/01 and G-CSF. |
INTRODUCTION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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It has been demonstrated that SD/01 has the same effects as conventional Filgrastim (G-CSF): elevation of peripheral neutrophil counts, mobilization of progenitor cells, and reduction in duration of chemotherapy-induced neutropenia (1) . A major aim of this program was to develop a once-per-chemotherapy cycle form of G-CSF. SD/01 would appear, therefore, to be a viable alternative to Filgrastim in clinical applications because its protracted course of action makes it more convenient and acceptable to patients and clinicians alike. The remaining major question, therefore, is whether the kinetics of neutrophil generation are also comparable to those generated by repeated injection of G-CSF. It was previously demonstrated that G-CSF acts by increasing the number of cell amplification divisions, mainly through the maturational phase of granulopoiesis, and by inducing rapid release from the marrow into the peripheral circulation of mature functional neutrophils (3 , 4) . We have now made a parallel investigation of SD/01 and show comparable changes in granulocytopoietic cell kinetics.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Granulocytopoiesis was stimulated by s.c. injection of 125 µg/kg G-CSF twice per day for 4 days to give a total dose of 1 mg/kg over 4 days, or by s.c. injection of Filgrastim SD/01 as a single dose of 1 mg/kg.
Neutropenia (leukopenia) was induced by a combined i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) and temozolomide (90 mg/kg) in a volume of 0.2 ml (CY/T).
For cell kinetic studies, mice received i.v. injections of [3H]thymidine (37 kBq/kg at 185 GBq/mmol). Three mice from each group were killed 1 h later, their femora were excised, and bone marrow cell suspensions were prepared for each individual animal. Cells were counted, and cytospin preparations were made on clean glass slides. After fixation in methanol, autoradiographs were then prepared by dipping the slides in Ilford K5 liquid emulsion and exposing them for 2 weeks before processing and staining with May-Grünwald-Giemsa. Differential cell counts and the percentages of labeled cells were scored, with a minimum of 500 cells per slide counted. Peripheral blood samples were also obtained from additional groups of three mice at 3, 6, 9, and 12 h and thereafter daily for 4 days after injection of [3H]thymidine. Blood smears were made and processed for autoradiographic analysis, as for the bone marrow.
SD/01 in Normal Mice.
Normal mice received injections of SD/01, and at daily intervals, three were sacrificed. Peripheral blood counts and differentials were obtained for each mouse. In some experiments, [3H]thymidine was injected at 3 days post-SD/01. One h later, three mice were sacrificed for bone marrow autoradiographic analysis. At 3, 6, 9, 12, 24 h and subsequently at daily intervals, further groups were sacrificed for peripheral blood analyses. All slides prepared from mice that had received injections of [3H]thymidine were processed for autoradiography.
Filgrastim in Leukopenic Mice.
Peripheral blood samples (50 µl) were obtained from the tail veins of 15 mice, and nucleated cell counts were obtained. The mice then received injections of the cytotoxic mixture CY/T. The mice were divided into three groups of five mice, and serial peripheral tail blood samples were taken at 3-day intervals; the groups were staggered so that daily samples could be obtained out to 18 days. The comparative effects of SD/01 versus G-CSF were assessed by injecting SD/01 or the first of the G-CSF treatment course at the neutropenic nadir, 3 days after treatment with CY/T. In some experiments, blood smears were made for differential cell counting. [3H]thymidine was injected 3 days after Filgrastim treatment, and cell kinetic measurements were made as for normal mice.
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RESULTS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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10 x 109/l to 24 x 109/l by day 4, after which they returned to normal by day 6–7 (Fig. 1)
. This pattern primarily reflected the change in the circulating PMN count, which similarly rose from 109/l to 16 x 109/l. Monocytes increased from 4 x 108/l to 14 x 108 over the same time period.
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9 h to a peak of 4.51 ± 0.68 x 109/l (28.7% labeled) by 24 h (Fig. 2A)
. This rapid release should be compared with the slow release peaking at 3–4 days in the controls. In the same way, release of labeled monocytes was also accelerated, peaking by 24 h at 5.7 ± 2.6 x 108/l (Fig. 2B)
. In the controls, peak numbers were attained between 1 and 3 days and showed very slow clearance compared with the stimulated monocytes.
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and compared with previous results obtained for G-CSF (4)
. The increase in the neutrophilic cell populations was confined to the late metamyelocyte compartment, resulting in a small net increase in the total granulocytic cells, 79% of the marrow compared with 70%. Overall, however, SD/01 caused less disturbance to the general differential picture than did G-CSF. This was mainly because the proportion of nongranulocytic elements, the erythroid, lymphocytic, and macrophagic cells, was not so severely depressed: by only 30% compared with 75% with G-CSF. As with G-CSF, however, the proliferative activity of the neutrophil precursors was considerably increased. Seventy-five percent of myeloblasts and promyelocytes and 51% of myelocytes were in DNA synthesis compared with 48% and 18%, respectively, in the controls, and proliferation was extended more into the metamyelocyte compartment, with 19% labeling compared with only 9% in the controls.
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1.5 x 109/l (Fig. 4)
. At this point, PMN counts were <0.1 x 109/l. SD/01 (or the first dose of the G-CSF sequence) was injected at this point. In both cases, the white cell counts rapidly recovered and overshot normal levels to reach 26 x 109 (SD/01) and 19 x 109 (G-CSF) white cells/l by 7 days (Fig. 5)
. At the peak of cell counts, neutrophils represented >80% of the total (Fig. 5
, inset).
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. Labeled monocytes similarly were released early, increasing to 14 ± 3 x 108/l (37.9% labeled) by 10.5 h (Fig. 6B)
. Their number was already falling by 25 h, leaving the peak number undefined, and by 48 h, only 2.7 ± 0.1 x 108/l (12% labeled) remained in the circulation.
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. Proliferation rates in the developmental stages were increased to levels similar to or higher than those in normal animals stimulated with SD/01. Erythropoiesis and the lymphoid elements were depressed, as with G-CSF, but proliferation rates of those cell populations were high, with 56% erythroid cells in DNA synthesis. |
DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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and in leukopenic mice (Fig. 5)
. The neutrophilia generated in both cases compares well with other reported data in mice (1
, 5 , 6)
, primates (7)
, and humans (8, 9, 10)
. The primary purpose of this study, however, was to investigate the effect on the kinetics of granulocytopoiesis following stimulation with SD/01.
In the bone marrow of both normal and neutropenic mice, SD/01 stimulated granulopoiesis in a manner comparable to that of G-CSF in mice (Fig. 3
; Ref. 4
) and humans (3)
. On the basis of steady-state cell kinetics, the increase in thymidine labeling indices indicated significantly reduced cell cycle times of the myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes (Table 1)
. As with G-CSF, this was not reflected in any major change in the distribution of the phases of granulocyte maturation or increases in the compartment sizes. The faster cell cycle times thus indicated a more rapid throughput because of a reduction in the overall maturation time and an early release of mature cells. It is this rapid maturation and release that prevents the build up of these cells in the marrow and results in their early appearance in the circulation. Measuring the time to attain 50% of peak counts (Figs. 2
and 6A
) in the blood, it is clear that in normal mice, mature functional neutrophils were available 40 h earlier than normal whether SD/01 or G-CSF was used, whereas with SD/01 in neutropenic mice, they appeared 10 h earlier still. This suggests that both increased production and decreased transit time contribute to the overall effects of SD/01.
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The half-lives (t1/2) of the circulating neutrophils are calculated from the rate of loss of labeled cells from the blood, using the formula nt = noe-
t, where no is the number at a given time, nt is the number t hours later, and is the decay constant. Thus, for SD/01 (Fig. 2A)
, no = 451 at 24 h and nt = 40 at 72 h. Thus, = 0.0505 and t1/2 = ln2/ = 13.7 h. Taking into account the error observed on the labeled neutrophil counts, t1/2 lies in the range 12.4–14.6 h, and this is somewhat longer than the 9.7 h observed for G-CSF, which we originally concluded was not significantly different from a normal value of 8 h (4)
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The current discrepancy, however, is probably not real because the corresponding calculations for neutropenic mice stimulated with SD/01 (Fig. 6A)
gave a half-life in the range of 8.6–9.8 h, similar to that with G-CSF. The reason for this apparent discrepancy lies in the mechanism by which excess G-CSF is cleared. For G-CSF, it is necessary to maintain the stimulus by giving repeated administrations. The effective half-life of G-CSF is so short that by the next injection, the concentration has always fallen to an insignificant level. Likewise, the stimulus is lost very rapidly after completion of the course of treatment, thus allowing neutrophil levels to fall according to their natural half-life. By contrast, SD/01 has a long effective half-life, and its activity falls only as the number of neutrophils increases. Thus, there will be a period when the CSF is still active, albeit at a decreasing concentration, and continues to stimulate further neutrophil production. This offsets the natural loss of neutrophils, leading to an apparently reduced rate of removal. The effect is minimized in neutropenic mice, in which the large stimulation induced reduces the period of submaximal stimulation and allows a more realistic estimation of the true half-life. We conclude, therefore, that SD/01, like G-CSF, does not significantly affect the peripheral clearance rates of circulating neutrophils, which in these experiments has, therefore, been taken as t1/2 = 9.2 h in both cases.
Taking the increase in neutrophils over 24 h after labeling and correcting for half-life loss over the same period, one can estimate the true increase in numbers over this period and hence calculate the excess production over normal. In normal animals, a steady state exists, and the rate of production equals the rate of loss. Thus, for example, with SD/01 in normal mice, the PMN concentration increases between 3 and 4 days from 10.5 x 109/l to 15.5 x 109/l (Fig. 1)
, a gain of 5 x 109/l over the 24 h. With t1/2 in the order of 9.2 h, =0.0753, and the loss of cells over the same period would be given by n = 10.5e-0.0753 x
24 = 1.7, a loss of 8.8 x 109 cells/l. Net production is, therefore, equal to (5.0 + 8.8) x 109/l = 13.8 x 109/l. By comparison, taking t1/2 = 8 h ( = 0.0866) for the controls, over 24 h, a PMN count of 1.8 x 109/l, as seen in these animals, would become 0.225 x 109/l, a loss (net production) of 1.575 x 109/l. The amplification factor for SD/01 over control is therefore given by 13.8 x 109/1.575 x 109 = 8.76, and this is achieved by incorporating 3.1 extra amplification divisions into the neutrophil maturation sequence.
In neutropenic mice, the equivalent calculations indicate 3.9 extra divisions for SD/01 and 3.4 for G-CSF; all these results compare well with the 3.2 and 3.8 determined previously for G-CSF in humans (3)
and mice (4)
, respectively. It appears, therefore, that SD/01 stimulates the kinetics of granulocytopoiesis in the same way and to the same extent as G-CSF. Table 2
summarizes the characteristics of neutrophil production with SD/01 and G-CSF.
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and 6B
are not well defined. However, it was clear that in both normal and leukopenic mice, monocytes were released into the peripheral circulation much more rapidly than in control animals, peaking at 12–24 h, and similarly, they were very quickly removed. An estimate from these curves suggests peripheral half-lives of 12–15 h and 9–10 h in normal and leukopenic mice, respectively, compared with a half-life of 46–60 h in humans and control mice (4
, 11)
. In our previous study with G-CSF (4)
, a comparably short half-life of 6 h was indicated, but the absolute level of this factor probably depends quite acutely on the current health status of the animals. It is equally difficult to define the production stimulus for monocytes from these data, but with SD/01 monocytes increased from 11 to 14 x 108/l over 24 h in a normal animal that initially carried 4 x 108 monocytes/l. On the basis of an average t1/2 of 12.3 h for stimulated monocytosis and 60 h in controls, production levels of 11.3 x 108 monocytes/l compared with 1.0 x 108 monocytes/l were estimated. These values suggest an additional 3.5 amplification divisions, which again corroborates the degree of stimulation seen with G-CSF. The mechanism of this effect on monocytopoiesis remains unclear, as it does for G-CSF. Direct stimulation of monocyte progenitors with G-CSF has not been demonstrated. It remains an open question whether this amplification results from direct stimulation of monocytopoiesis or is in an attempt to reestablish monocytosis in the face of accelerated monocyte destruction.
In conclusion, therefore, it is clear that sustained-duration SD/01 is comparable to conventional G-CSF in its capacity to stimulate granulopoiesis and in its effect on the cellular kinetics involved in that process. The ability to replace a protracted course of G-CSF treatments with a single application of SD/01 would clearly be beneficial for the comfort and convenience of both operator (the physician) and subject (the patient) alike.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 This work was supported by the UK Cancer Research Campaign. 
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at CRC Experimental Haematology Group, Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Christie Hospital NHS Trust, Manchester M20 4BX, United Kingdom. Phone: 44 161 446 3236; Fax: 44 161 446 3033; E-mail: blord{at}picr.man.ac.uk
3 The abbreviations used are: r-metHu G-CSF, recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor; PEG, polyethylene glycol; CY/T, cyclophosphamide plus temozolomide; PMN, polymorphonuclear neutrophil.
Received 1/12/01; accepted 3/23/01.
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, PMNs. Data points represent the means ± SE (bars) of the individual counts in groups of three mice.
) is for CY/T-treated mice and is as shown in Fig. 4