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Molecular Oncology, Markers, Clinical Correlates |
Predict Response to Anthracycline-based Therapy in Locally Advanced Breast Cancer1
Rush Medical College, Chicago, Illinois 60612 [J. S. C, S. G-B., S. C., H. D. P.]; Cook County Hospital, Chicago, Illinois 60612 [E. M., V. R., G. F.]; and Vysis, Inc, Downers Grove, Illinois 60515 [S. S., K. J.]
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ABSTRACT |
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 Top ABSTRACT INTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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gene, near erbB-2 on chromosome 17, and a known anthracycline target, may underlie the association.
Experimental Design: Thirty-five patients who had locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) and who had received neoadjuvant, anthracycline-based therapy were studied. Copy number of topoisomerase II and erbB-2 was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and expression by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Of 8 patients with erbB-2 amplification, 5 had a complete response (CR) or minimal residual disease (MRD), 3 had a partial response (PR), and none had stable (StD) or progressive disease (PD) at the time of mastectomy, versus 3 CR or MRD, 16 PR, and 8 StD or PD for patients without amplification (P = 0.008). In contrast, erbB-2 overexpression was not significantly associated with response (P = 0.114). Of 6 patients with topoisomerase II amplification, 4 had CR or MRD, 2 PR, and none StD or PD, versus 4 CR or MRD, 17 PR, and 8 StD or PD for patients without amplification (P = 0.034). All of the tumors with topoisomerase II amplification also had erbB-2 amplification, but not vice versa. Overexpression of topoisomerase II (9 patients) was also associated with favorable response (P = 0.021).
Conclusions: Coamplification of erbB-2 and topoisomerase II is significantly associated with favorable local response to anthracycline-based therapy in LABC. The expression data favor a plausible mechanism based on topoisomerase II biology.
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INTRODUCTION |
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The controversial and seemingly paradoxical observation that breast cancer patients with erbB-2 overexpression may benefit more than others from anthracycline-based therapy may provide a lead to defining a useful target for chemotherapy (4
, 5)
. This observation seems paradoxical because erbB-2 is a well-known oncogene the amplification and overexpression of which have long been linked to adverse prognosis in breast carcinoma (6
, 7) . Furthermore, attempts to link erbB-2 up-regulation to increased sensitivity to anthracyclines via manipulating expression in cell lines have been unsuccessful (8)
. The report that the gene for topoisomerase II, a well-established molecular target for anthracyclines in experimental systems, is frequently coamplified with erbB-2 in breast cancer, because of their proximity on chromosome 17, now provides a plausible, although unproved, mechanism for the putative link between erbB-2 overexpression and anthracycline response (9)
. That a gene amplification event commonly encountered in clinical malignancies makes affected tumors more drug-sensitive, rather than drug-resistant, runs counter to a well-accepted paradigm in tumor biology (9)
. Another recent insight that may bear on the significance of erbB-2 in LABC is the demonstration that only high-level erbB-2 overexpression in breast cancer is associated with gene amplification and is more biologically significant than low-level overexpression (compared with normal breast epithelium; Ref. 10
). This appears to underlie the observation that assessing erbB-2 overexpression by immunohistochemistry may be less informative clinically than measuring gene amplification by FISH (11)
. Diverse methodology for assessing erbB-2 probably contributes significantly to the controversy concerning the significance of erbB-2 overexpression in this and other important contexts. The recent report that approximately 12% of breast cancers that express erbB-2 also express an activated, phosphorylated form of erbB-2, by immunohistochemistry, may further complicate the assessment of expression (12)
. Because of these observations, we studied both overexpression and gene copy number of both erbB-2 and topoisomerase II in a group of 35 patients with LABC treated with anthracycline-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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MATERIALS AND METHODS |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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Immunohistochemistry.
In preparation for antibody staining, paraffin sections (5-µm, freshly cut) were deparaffinized and rehydrated using standard technique. A microwave antigen retrieval method was then carried out in citrate buffer (13)
. The tissue was stained using a Ventana ES Histo-stainer (Ventana Medical Systems, Tucson, AZ), using supplied diaminobenzidine and avidin-biotin conjugate immunoperoxidase chemistry. Sections were stained for erbB-2 with the A 485 rabbit polyclonal antibody, Lot 035(401) from Dako Corp. (Carpinteria, CA) at 1:125 dilution. Sections were stained for topoisomerase II with the JH2.7 monoclonal antibody from Lab Vision Corp. (Fremont, CA) at a dilution of 1:100. A single block from the pretherapy biopsy was selected for analysis for each patient on the basis of having the greatest area of well-preserved tumor. Immunostaining frequency of all tumor cells on each slide was scored subjectively on a scale of 0 to 4 (actual cell counting was not performed) without knowledge of clinical patient data, as described previously (13)
. The scoring was as follows: <1% positive tumor cells, 0; 1–10%, 1; 10–35%, 2; 36–70%, 3; and >71%, 4. Tumor cell staining intensity was also scored on a scale of 0 to 4 but was found to be so closely related to frequency that it was not further considered in this study. Only cell membrane-associated staining was considered for erbB-2. Only nuclear staining was considered for topoisomerase II.
FISH.
Paraffin blocks were sectioned at 5 µm and mounted onto SuperFrost positively charged slides (Shandon, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA) and baked at 56°C overnight to fix the tissue onto the slides. After baking, the slides were treated with Pretreatment Solution (Vysis, Inc., Downers Grove, IL) and protease I (Vysis, Inc) according to a protocol similar to that published by Hopman et al. (14)
. Slides were dewaxed and then incubated in pretreatment solution for 10 min at 80°C. Slides were washed and then incubated in 4 mg/ml protease I in 0.2 N HCL at 37°C for 15 min, dehydrated in graded ethanol baths, and air dried. Sections were hybridized with a FISH probe combination containing a prototype SpectrumGreen LSI Topo II-, SpectrumOrange LSI HER-2 (erbB-2), and SpectrumAqua CEP-17 (all probes from Vysis, Inc.) using a HYBrite instrument that performs codenaturation and hybridization (Vysis, Inc.). The topoisomerase II probe covers 
280 kb, including the entire topoisomerase II gene and the sequence tag site markers, WI-15402, SGC31792, and WI-17575 (a subsequently released commercial version of this Vysis multicolor probe set included an LSI Topo II- probe targeting a larger, 400-kb region). The LSI HER-2 probe covers 190 kb, including the entire erbB-2 gene. The CEP 17 probe contains sequence homologous to the D17Z1 satellite repeat sequence. Probe hybridization mixture was applied to each section, and glass coverslips were immediately applied and sealed with rubber cement. Slides were then codenatured at 73°C for 5 min and were hybridized at 37°C for 16–18 h. After removing the coverslips, the slides were incubated at 73°C in 2x SSC/0.3% NP40 for 2 min to remove nonspecifically bound FISH probe, and then were air dried in the dark. DAPI I counterstain (Vysis, Inc.) was applied to the specimen to allow visualization of the nuclei.
The FISH slides were evaluated using a Zeiss Axioscope epifluorescence microscope (Carl Zeiss, Inc, Thornwood, NY). Signals were visualized, and counting was performed using a DAPI single-band pass filter set to visualize nuclei, a green single-band pass filter to visualize SpectrumGreen TopoII-, an orange single-band pass filter set to visualize SpectrumOrange HER-2, and an aqua single-band pass filter set to visualize SpectrumAqua CEP-17. Signals for each probe were counted in 25–30 tumor-cell nuclei. For nuclei with greater than 20 erbB-2 or topoisomerase II signals, an estimate of 21 signals was used for the purpose of calculating signal ratios. A ratio of 2.5 or greater for erbB-2/CEP-17 or for topoisomerase II/CEP-17 was considered to indicate amplification.
Statistical Methods.
Response of the tumor in the breast at the time of mastectomy was divided into three categories: CR or MRD, PR, and StD or PD. Immunohistochemistry data were categorized as overexpressed, or not, and FISH data were categorized as amplified, or not. Fisher’s exact test (2-tailed) was used to examine associations between each of the markers and response of the breast tumors to chemotherapy. Results were considered statistically significant at the 0.05 level. The sample size was small in this study. A power calculation based on Fisher’s exact test for 2 x 2 table (from PASS), assuming 8 CR or MRD patients and 27 other patients, showed a power of 48% if the percentage of amplified is 50% among CR or MRD patients and is 10% among other patients. The same technique was used for other categorical data. To investigate associations between patient age and response and other markers, the two-sample Wilcoxon test or the Kruskal-Wallis test (for more than two groups) was used. Age was treated as a continuous variable and was grouped by the category for response or the markers. Age was then compared among the groups. This was done to compare the conditional distributions of age-given categories. If there is no association between age and response (or the markers), then there should be no difference among groups. The sample size is important in this context. For example, if the mean age is 55.3 (SD, 4.5) in 6 topoisomerase II amplified patients and the mean age is 47.1 (SD, 8.8) in 29 nonamplified patients, the power (based on a 2-sided level of 0.05) is 95%. However, if the mean age is 46.8 (SD, 7.1) in 9 patients with topoisomerase II overexpression, and the mean age is 49.2 (SD, 9.3) in 29 patients without overexpression, the power (based on a 2-sided level of 0.05) is only 13%.
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RESULTS |
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FISH Analysis.
Eight patients’ tumors (23%) showed amplification of the erbB-2 gene as assessed by FISH, with erbB-2:CEP-17 ratios ranging from 2.60 to 8.86 (Fig. 1)
. No erbB-2 deletions were detected. One patient had high-grade polyploidy for chromosome 17 with mean CEP-17 value per cell of 13.2. Another patient exhibited deletion of one allele of CEP-17. Six patients’ tumors (17%) showed amplification of topoisomerase II, with topoisomerase II:CEP-17 ratios ranging from 2.70 to 5.70. No definite deletions of topoisomerase II were observed. All of the tumors with topoisomerase II amplification also had erbB2 amplification.
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. The association between erbB-2 overexpression and gene amplification had borderline statistical significance (P = 0.051). Nine tumors had erbB-2 overexpression without amplification, whereas two had amplification without apparent overexpression (Table 1)
. Topoisomerase II staining was largely confined to the nucleus of the tumor cells in which it was detectable, with rare tumors exhibiting faint cytoplasmic staining. Only nuclear staining was considered in scoring. Nine patients had topoisomerase II overexpression, defined as 3+ or 4+ staining (Fig. 2b)
. There was no evidence for an association between topoisomerase II overexpression and gene amplification (P = 0.635; Table 2
). Most notably, only two of nine tumors with topoisomerase II overexpression had amplification. There was also no evidence of an association between expression of topoisomerase II and expression of erbB-2 (P = 0.700).
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. Of eight patients with erbB-2 amplification, five had a CR or MRD, three had a PR, and none had StD or PD at the time of mastectomy. In contrast, the 27 patients without amplification had 3 CR or MRD, 16 PR, and 8 StD or PD (P = 0.008). If CR or MRD versus all of the other responses are compared, P = 0.007.
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). Neither of the two patients with erbB-2 overexpression and StD or PD had erbB-2 amplification, and in the 7 patients with PR, only one overexpressing tumor had amplification. To further analyze the possible link between erbB-2 overexpression and chemotherapy response, we considered separately the 27 patients without erbB-2 amplification, including 9 with overexpression (Table 5)
. Among these patients, there was no evidence of an association between erbB-2 overexpression and tumor response (P = 0.843).
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was significantly associated with a more favorable tumor response to chemotherapy (Table 6)
. Of six patients with amplification, 4 had CR or MRD, 2 PR, and none StD or PD, versus 4 with CR or MRD, 17 with PR, and 8 with StD or PD among patients without amplification (P = 0.034). If CR or MRD versus all of the other responses are compared, P = 0.016. Topoisomerase II overexpression was also significantly associated with favorable chemotherapy response (Table 7)
. Of 9 patients with overexpression, 5 had a CR or MRD, 2 had a PR, and 2 had StD or PD, versus 3 with CR or MRD, 17 with PR, and 6 with StD or PD among those without overexpression (P = 0.021). If patients with CR or MRD versus all of the other responses are compared, P = 0.015. None of the four patients with overexpression who failed to achieve a CR or MRD had amplification, which suggests that gene amplification is a more specific marker for favorable response than overexpression as detected by immunohistochemistry. Also, two of the three patients without overexpression who achieved CR or MRD had amplification, which suggests that immunohistochemistry alone should not be used to infer that a patient is unlikely to benefit from anthracycline-based therapy. Nevertheless, three of the five patients with overexpression who achieved CR or MRD were not amplified. This suggests that overexpression of topoisomerase II by immunohistochemistry, in the absence of amplification, may sometimes be biologically meaningful. Of the eight patients who achieved CR or MRD, only one had neither overexpression nor amplification.
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amplification or overexpression) except patient age, which was associated with topoisomerase II amplification (P = 0.015). |
DISCUSSION |
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TopABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONMATERIALS AND METHODSRESULTSDISCUSSIONREFERENCES |
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, based on the recent documentation that this gene is often coamplified with erbB-2 in breast cancer and is a well-known target for topoisomerase II poisons, including the anthracyclines (9
, 16)
. This suggests that coamplification of topoisomerase II with erbB-2 may be the principal mechanism underlying the putative relationship between erbB-2 overexpression and response to anthracyclines.
Our data showed a highly significant association between erbB-2 amplification and favorable response to anthracyclines. The association between overexpression and response nevertheless failed to reach statistical significance, and no evidence was found for a link between overexpression and response in patients without amplification. These observations suggest that favorable response is associated with erbB-2 amplification, rather than overexpression itself. Although erbB-2 amplification and high-level overexpression are strongly linked in breast cancer, overexpression (compared with normal breast epithelium) without amplification is also well documented in the literature (6
, 10)
. A recent report using special methods for quantifying overexpression suggests that overexpression in the absence of amplification is at a lower level than that associated with amplification (10)
. It is also important to recognize that using immunohistochemistry as a quantitative measure of erbB-2 expression is sometimes quite difficult in the small needle biopsies that comprised the patient material in this study, because of tissue edge artifacts and uncertain discrimination between specific and nonspecific staining. Therefore, some of the tumors that were scored as high-level overexpressers and that did not have amplification may actually represent low-level overexpressers (false positives). Two of the patients with erbB-2 amplification were not scored as overexpressers and are presumed to be false negatives. This problem has been recognized in previous studies comparing FISH with immunohistochemistry for erbB-2, and has been attributed to protein degradation in the paraffin-embedded material, in addition to the interpretation problems mentioned above (11)
. This implies that the FISH assay may be technically more robust for evaluating the clinically important erbB-2 status of tumors, especially in needle biopsies such as were used in this study. This idea is supported by a recent report demonstrating greater reliability of amplification assays than immunohistochemistry for predicting prognosis based on erbB-2 status (11)
. The marginal association between overexpression and response is also consistent with an important role for topoisomerase II, because amplification of the two genes was tightly linked in our patients and in other studies (9)
.
Our data support the idea that topoisomerase II amplification in clinical breast cancer specimens occurs as a result of proximity to the oncogene, erbB-2, because all cases with topoisomerase II amplification had erbB-2 amplification, but not vice versa. In contrast to the findings of Jarvinen et al. (9)
, however, who described deletion of topoisomerase II with frequency equal to amplification in tumors with erbB-2 amplification, we did not detect topoisomerase II deletions. The probe set used in our study was designed primarily for detecting amplification of the topoisomerase II region in a three-probe multicolor assay. This provides the advantage of measuring the erbB-2, topoisomerase II, and chromosome 17 centromere copy numbers in each cell individually, allowing accurate identification of clonal variations. As a result, the topoisomerase II target region was significantly larger than that used by Jarvinen et al. (9)
. Therefore, their probe may have detected smaller deletions that may have been missed with our probe. Another possibility is that their smaller probe is associated with lower hybridization and/or detection efficiency, leading to the artifactual appearance of deletions in some cases. It is unclear at present whether discriminating between tumors that have deletion of one topoisomerase II allele, versus those that have two alleles (not amplified), would be biologically or clinically significant.
Both the gene amplification and expression data for topoisomerase II are consistent with the notion that this protein is an important determinant of sensitivity of breast cancer to anthracycline-based therapy. This potentially important conclusion requires confirmatory evidence from additional studies because of the small size and retrospective nature of the study population. The disparity between amplification and overexpression may be partly explained by the fact that topoisomerase II is a cell cycle-regulated protein. In fact the frequency of topoisomerase II expression in a population of cells is tightly linked to the rate of cell proliferation, and topoisomerase II has been suggested as a proliferation marker (17)
. This probably tends to obscure the relationship between gene amplification and overexpression. Attempting to quantify protein expression by immunohistochemistry in small biopsy samples is also difficult, as discussed above. Our data suggest that measuring topoisomerase II amplification by FISH is more specific than measuring expression by immunohistochemistry for predicting anthracyline responsiveness, because four of six patients with amplification had CR or MRD, and the other two had PR. Previous studies of topoisomerase II expression versus response to drugs that target it have been inconsistent in finding a significant relationship (18
, 19)
. It also appears likely, however, that FISH may miss some tumors with biologically significant topoisomerase II overexpression, because four patients without amplification had CR or MRD, and all but one of these had topoisomerase II overexpression. It may be that patients who have neither amplification nor overexpression should be offered an alternative to anthracyclines, because only one such patient had CR or MRD in our series. Clearly, however, more patients must be studied to arrive at conclusions sufficiently secure to provide the basis for planning treatment. It also appears likely that developing an optimal clinical assay for topoisomerase II may be at least as complex as the process for erbB-2. Measuring phosphorylation of topoisomerase II may also be useful because its activity may be so regulated (20)
.
This study does not completely settle the question of whether erbB-2 amplification plays a functional role in determining favorable response to certain anticancer drugs, or is only a marker for topoisomerase II coamplification. We found only two patients with isolated erbB-2 amplification; one had MRD, and the other PR. More patients of this kind are needed to test the hypothesis that LABC patients with erbB-2 amplification alone will not respond as well to anthracycline-based therapy as those who have coamplification of topoisomerase II. erbB-2 overexpression has been associated with a favorable response to taxanes, perhaps because erbB-2 overexpression activates mitogen-activated protein kinase, which mediates Taxol-induced cell killing (21)
. A mechanism based on facilitating response to taxanes does not appear to explain our data, however, because there was no apparent association between tumor response and whether or not a taxane (versus cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil) was combined with doxorubicin. Prospective clinical studies in which patients receive a course of anthracycline alone and taxane alone may be needed to further resolve this important question.
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FOOTNOTES |
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1 Support for this study was provided by the Bears Care Fund, Brian Piccolo Foundation, and the Aventis Corporation. This work was presented in part at the Annual AACR Meeting, April 2001, New Orleans. 
2 To whom requests for reprints should be addressed, at Department of Pathology, Rush Medical College, 1653 West Congress Parkway, Chicago, IL 60612. Phone: (312) 942-5250; Fax: (312) 666-7250; E-mail: jcoon{at}rush.edu
3 The abbreviations used are: LABC, locally advanced breast cancer; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridization; CR, complete response; MRD, minimal residual disease; PR, partial response; MR, minimal response, StD, stable disease; PD, progressive disease; DAPI, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; CAF, cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-5 fluorouracil.
Received 6/12/01; revised 11/30/01; accepted 12/15/01.
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