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Immunohistochemistry for detecting FoxP3 (red nuclear labeling) was used to detect and quantify regulatory T cells (Treg) in anal carcinoma. Unexpectedly, the number of Treg cells did not affect the prognosis. By contrast, a strong negative effect of cytotoxic T cells on survival rates of patients with no evidence of disease was observed. For further details, please see Grabenbauer et al. on page 3355 in this issue.