Oxidative phosphorylation as an emerging target in cancer therapy

Abstract

Cancer cells have upregulated glycolysis compared to normal cells, which has led many to the assumption that oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is downregulated in all cancers.  However, recent studies have shown that OXPHOS can be also upregulated in certain cancers, including leukemias, lymphomas, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, high OXPHOS subtype melanoma and endometrial carcinoma, and that this can occur even in the face of active glycolysis.  OXPHOS inhibitors could therefore be used to target cancer subtypes in which OXPHOS is upregulated, and to alleviate therapeutically adverse tumor hypoxia.  Several drugs including metformin, atovaquone and arsenic trioxide are used clinically for non-oncological indications, but emerging data demonstrates their potential use as OXPHOS inhibitors. We highlight novel applications of OXPHOS inhibitors with a suitable therapeutic index to target cancer cell metabolism.